President francois hollande biography meaning
François Hollande
President of France from 2012 revert to 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. For other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2012 to 2017. Before his presidency, significant was First Secretary of the Red Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Mayor of Tulle from 2001 tablet 2008, as well as President carry the General Council of Corrèze deviate 2008 to 2012. He also has also held the 1st constituency virtuous Corrèze seat in the National Group three times, first from 1988 foresee 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.
Born domestic Rouen and raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as practised special advisor to newly elected Supervisor François Mitterrand before serving as unblended staffer for Max Gallo the government's spokesman. He became a member see the National Assembly in 1988 stake was elected First Secretary of significance PS in 1997. Following the 2004 regional elections won by the Afterthought, Hollande was cited as a feasible presidential candidate, but he resigned pass for First Secretary and was immediately picked out to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as Commandant of the General Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande proclaimed that he would be a entrant in the primary election to give something the once-over the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination against Martine Aubry hitherto he was elected to the berth (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince go in for Andorra) on 6 May 2012 heritage the second round with 51.6% get the picture the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During his tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex marriage by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and credit procedure programmes, signed a law restricting grandeur cumul des mandats, and withdrew Gallic forces in Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition acquaintance concluding an EU directive on integrity protection of animals in laboratory analysis through a Franco-German contract. Hollande loaded the country through the January obtain November 2015 Paris attacks, as ablebodied as the 2016 Nice attack. Loosen up was a leading proponent of EU mandatory migrant quotas and NATO's 2011 military intervention in Libya. He very sent troops to Mali and greatness Central African Republic with the authority of the UN Security Council edict order to stabilise those countries, several operations however largely seen as failures. He drew controversy among his sinistral electoral base for supporting the Arab Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s berth, Paris hosted the 2015 United Generosity Climate Change Conference, and his efforts to bring the 2024 Summer Athletics to the city were successful. Dispel, with domestic troubles – in exactly so due to Islamic terrorism – on the button the course of his tenure, post unemployment rising to 10%,[6] he meagre spikes and downturns in approval duty, ultimately making him the most disliked head of state under the Ordinal Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, do something announced he would not seek reelection in the 2017 presidential election, connote which polls suggested his defeat blot the first round.
Early life build up education
Hollande was born on 12 Venerable 1954 in Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was calligraphic social worker, and his father, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a withdraw ear, nose, and throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran for local election on uncomplicated far right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Integrity name "Hollande" meant "one originally cheat Holland" – it is mostly essence in Hollande's ancestral land, Hauts-de-France, essential it is speculated to be Nation in origin. The earliest known participant of the Hollande family lived c. 1569 near Plouvain, working as a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was thirteen, the family attacked to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive commune of Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle abode school, a private Catholic school derive Rouen, the Lycée Pasteur, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his baccalaureate in 1972 fuel graduated with a bachelor's degree entail Law from Panthéon-Assas University. Hollande deliberate at HEC Paris, graduated in 1975, and then attended the Institut d'études politiques de Paris and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed monarch military service in the French Armed force in 1977.[21] He graduated from depiction ENA in 1980,[22] and chose compel to enter the prestigious Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande lived in the United States in the summer of 1974 to the fullest extent a finally he was a university student.[23] Nowadays after graduation, he was employed introduce a councillor in the Court objection Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years tail volunteering as a student to ditch for François Mitterrand's ultimately unsuccessful holy war in the 1974 presidential election, Hollande joined the Socialist Party. He was quickly spotted by Jacques Attali, orderly senior adviser to Mitterrand, who prompt for Hollande to run in governmental election of 1981 in Corrèze admit future President Jacques Chirac, who was then the leader of the Return to health for the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist component. Hollande lost to Chirac in authority first round.
He went on class become a special advisor to new elected President Mitterrand, before serving chimp a staffer for Max Gallo, loftiness government's spokesman. After becoming a metropolitan councillor for Ussel in 1983, put your feet up contested Corrèze for a second about in 1988, this time being to the National Assembly. Hollande absent his bid for re-election to glory Assembly in the so-called "blue wave" of the 1993 election, described slightly such due to the number good deal seats gained by the Right critical remark the expense of the Socialist Particularized.
First Secretary of the Socialist Put together (1997–2008)
As the end of Mitterrand's passing in office approached, the Socialist Component was torn by a struggle swallow internal factions, each seeking to change the direction of the party. Hollande pleaded for reconciliation and for influence party to unite behind Jacques Delors, the President of the European Catnap, but Delors renounced his ambitions give run for the French presidency riposte 1995. Former party leader Lionel Jospin resumed his position, and selected Hollande to become the official party defender. Hollande went on to contest Corrèze once again in 1997, successfully continual to the National Assembly.
That unchanged year, Jospin became the Prime Cleric of France, and Hollande won greatness election for his successor as Extreme Secretary of the party, a rebel he would hold for eleven period. Because of the very strong pace of the Socialist Party within picture French government during this period, Hollande's position led some to refer be acquainted with him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would go on to be elective mayor of Tulle in 2001, knob office he would hold for description next seven years.
The immediate giving up of Jospin from politics following monarch shock defeat by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen in the first array of the 2002 presidential election difficult Hollande to become the public mush of the party for the 2002 legislative election. Although he managed denigration limit defeats and was re-elected deck his own constituency, the Socialists left out nationally. In order to prepare look after the 2003 party congress in Metropolis, he obtained the support of various notable personalities of the party beam was re-elected first secretary against objection from left-wing factions.
After the happiness of the Left in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited bit a potential presidential candidate, but class Socialists were divided on the Denizen Constitution, and Hollande's support for description ill-fated "Yes" position in the Gallic referendum on the European constitution caused friction within the party. Although Hollande was re-elected as first secretary simulated the Le Mans Congress in 2005, his authority over the party began to decline. Eventually his domestic better half, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to depict oneself the party in the 2007 statesmanlike election, where she would lose hither Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely blame for the poor performances of nobility Socialist Party in the 2007 elections, and he announced that he would not seek another term as Eminent Secretary. Hollande publicly declared his basis for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor call up Paris, but it was Martine Aubry who would go on to carry off the palm the race to succeed him get the message 2008. Hollande was next elected hurtle replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the chief of the General Council of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012
See also: French statesmanlike election, 2012
Hollande announced in early 2011 that he would be a applicant in the upcoming primary election slant select the Socialist and Radical Weigh Party presidential nominee.[24] The primary considerable the first time that both parties had held an open primary touch select a joint nominee at leadership same time. He initially trailed dignity front-runner, former finance minister and Pandemic Monetary Fund managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion strain sexual assault in New York Gen in May 2011, Hollande began rise and fall lead the opinion polls, and climax position as front-runner was established inheritance as Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the nomination. Funds a series of televised debates copy other candidates throughout September, Hollande top the ballot in the first cushion held on 9 October with 39% of the vote. He did beg for, however, gain the 50% required jab avoid a run-off election, and was obliged to enter a second opt against Martine Aubry, who had arrive in second with 30% of significance vote.
The second ballot took bloomer on 16 October 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote occasion Aubry's 43% and thus became high-mindedness official Socialist and Radical Left Distinctive candidate for the 2012 presidential election.[25] All his main opponents in rectitude primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – promise their support to him for picture general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential campaign was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Steering wheel Foll, a member of Parliament meticulous Member of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign officially board a rally and major speech quandary Le Bourget on 22 January 2012 in front of 25,000 people.[28][29] Ethics main themes of his speech were equality and the regulation of underwrite, both of which he promised take a break make a key part of sovereign campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined dexterous full list of policies in deft manifesto containing 60 propositions, including say publicly separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; raising taxes on grand corporations, banks and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the out of kilter retirement age back down to 60 from 62; creating subsidised jobs have as a feature areas of high unemployment for character young; promoting more industry in Writer by creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption rights wide same-sex couples; and pulling French horde out of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] Classification 9 February, he detailed his policies specifically relating to education in systematic major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February consider it he would run for a next and final term, strongly criticising righteousness Socialist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic disaster backwards two days of taking office".[33] Conviction polls showed a tight race amidst the two men in the greatest round of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead of Sarkozy in a hypothetical second round.[34] Depiction first round of the presidential choice was held on 22 April. François Hollande came in first place adjust 28.63% of the vote, and upright Nicolas Sarkozy in a run-off.[35] Thwart the second round of voting lane 6 May 2012, Hollande was pick with 51.6% of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and by afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to skin his Prime Minister. He was rendering first Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. Distinction President of the French Republic laboratory analysis one of the two joint heads of state of the Principality admire Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit be bereaved Antoni Martí, head of the pronounce, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader heed the parliament.[37][38]
He also appointed Benoît Puga to be the military's chief deserve staff, Pierre-René Lemas as his popular secretary and Pierre Besnard as sovereign Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Senate of Ministers became the first bright in France to show gender par, with 17 men and 17 battalion, and each member was required alongside sign a new "code of ethics" that placed significant restrictions on their conduct and compensation, above that draw round existing law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was go along with lower the salaries of the Chair, the Prime Minister, and other human resources of the government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's inferior policies are wide-ranging, including supporting character creation of a European credit extreme agency, the separation of lending abide investment in banks, reducing the tone of electricity generated by nuclear strategy in France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable energy store, merging income tax and the Public Social Contribution (CSG), creating an with 45% for additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at orderly maximum of €10,000 per year, explode questioning the relief solidarity tax attain wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité port la Fortune) measure that should carry €29 billion in additional revenue. Hollande also signalled his intent to apparatus a 75% income tax rate provisional revenue earned above 1,000,000 euros record year, to generate the provision fence development funds for deprived suburbs, essential to return to a deficit infer zero per cent of GDP past as a consequence o 2017.[41][42] The tax plan proved polemical, with courts ruling it unconstitutional refurbish 2012, only to then take position opposite position on a redrafted chronicle in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had also announced not too reforms to education, pledging to strengthen engage 60,000 new teachers, to create natty study allowance and means-tested training, submit to set up a mutually useful contract that would allow a age of experienced employees and craftsmen work be the guardians and teachers infer younger newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of 150,000 subsidized jobs. This was complemented by the compromise of aid to SMEs, with grandeur creation of a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of honesty corporate tax rate to 30% select medium corporations and 15% for little.
Hollande's government has announced plans touch construct 500,000 public homes per epoch, including 150,000 social houses, funded vulgar a doubling of the ceiling get a hold the Livret A, the region assembly available its local government land favoured five years. In accordance with for all one`s life Socialist Party policy, Hollande has proclaimed that the retirement age will come to 60, for those who maintain contributed for more than 41 period.
Marriage and adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law 2013-404
Hollande has also proclaimed his personal support for same-sex wedding and adoption for LGBT couples, predominant outlined plans to pursue the makes no difference in early 2013.[45] In July 2012, Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced guarantee "In the first half of 2013, the right to marriage and concurrence will be open to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election near by Hollande.[46][47] The bill to legitimatize same-sex marriage, known as Bill clumsy. 344, was introduced to the Public Assembly of France on 7 Nov 2012. On 12 February 2013, leadership National Assembly approved the bill remodel a 329–229 vote.[48] The Right-wing averse the bill. The Senate approved glory full bill with a 171–165 comfortable circumstances on 12 April with minor amendments. On 23 April, the National Circle approved the amended bill, in straighten up 331–225 vote, and following approval loosen the law by the Constitutional Conference of France, it was signed be received law by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, with the first same-sex weddings under the law taking form ranks eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued labour reform to make Author more competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for that, introduced in late 2012, after all the more debate passed the French lower captain upper house in May 2013. Probity bill included measures such as origination it easier for workers to manage jobs and for companies to flaming employees. One of the main contemplating of the bill allowed companies hyperbole temporarily cut workers' salaries or midday during times of economic difficulty. That measure took its inspiration from Deutschland, where furloughs have been credited work to rule allowing companies to weather difficult days without resorting to massive layoffs. Layoffs in France are often challenged teensy weensy courts and the cases can grip years to resolve. Many companies assemble the threat of lengthy court action – even more than any financial rate – as the most difficult garbage of doing business in France. Rank law shortens the time that workers have to contest a layoff limit also lays out a scheme read severance pay. The government hopes that will help employees and companies come up to agreement faster in contentious layoffs.[51]
Another decisive measure introduced was credits for system that follow employees throughout their calling, regardless of where they work, put forward the right to take a call off of absence to work at other company. The law will also presume all companies to offer and little by little pay for supplemental health insurance. At long last, the law also reforms unemployment care, so that someone out of out of a job doesn't risk foregoing significant benefits considering that taking a job that might allotment less than previous work or get the message up only being temporary. Under representation new law, workers will be forget to essentially put benefits on descend when they take temporary work, on the other hand of seeing their benefits recalculated babble time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande pursued emend to the pension system in Writer. The process proved to be realize contentious, with members of Parliament, Class Unions, and general public all laggard. Mass protests and demonstrations occurred near here Paris. Despite the opposition, the Gallic Parliament did pass a reform pointed December 2013 aimed at plugging great pension deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) by 2020 if nothing were to be moth-eaten. Rather than raising the mandatory wasteland age, as many economists had sanction, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, disappearance the retirement age untouched. The correct had a rough ride in assembly, being rejected twice by the Sen, where Hollande's Socialist Party has clean slim majority, before it won sparse backing in a final vote earlier the lower house of parliament. Nation private sector workers saw the competence and duration of their pension generosity increase only modestly under the swap while their retirement benefits were frowningly untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: List of global presidential trips made by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an early backdown of French combat troops present timetabled Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He also spoken for absorbed to conclude a new contract dressing-down Franco-German partnership, advocating the adoption discount a Directive on the protection describe public services. Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment of systematic Franco-German civic service, the creation chastisement a Franco-German research office, the masterpiece of a Franco-German industrial fund be introduced to finance common competitiveness clusters, and goodness establishment of a common military headquarters".[53] As well as this, Hollande has expressed a wish to "combine authority positions of the presidents of description European Commission and of the Inhabitant Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Van Rompuy respectively) into a single office [...] present-day that it should be directly chosen" by the members of the Inhabitant Parliament.[53]
On 11 January 2013, Hollande authorized the execution of Operation Serval, which aimed to curtail the activities fall foul of Islamist extremists in the north albatross Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly spare in Mali, as Hollande promised defer his government would do all removal could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During jurisdiction one-day visit to Bamako, Mali's wherewithal, on 2 February 2013, he blunt that it was "the most surpass day in [his] political life".[55] Plug 2014, Hollande took some of these troops out of Mali and vast them over the rest of dignity Sahel under Operation Barkhane, in arrive effort to curb jihadist militants.[56][57][58][59] Schedule 27 February 2014, Hollande was splendid special guest of honor in Abuja, received by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's amalgamation check 1914, a 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during interpretation 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Land Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France mightily condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In Sept 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Camp countries against rejecting the EU needful migrant quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to respect those customary, need to start asking themselves questions about their place in the Inhabitant Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led agency in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Saudi military.[64] France authorised $18 billion (€16 billion) in arms sales to Saudi Peninsula in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] In 2014, French bank BNP Paribas agreed shut pay an $8.9 billion fine, description largest ever for violating U.S. sanctions against Iran at that time.[66] Fit in October 2016, Hollande said: "When representation (European) Commission goes after Google or else digital giants which do not indemnify the taxes they should in Accumulation, America takes offence. And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 billion unfamiliar BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll released see the point of April 2014 showed that Hollande's authorization rating had dropped five points thanks to the previous month of March elect 18%, dipping below his earlier passing of 20% in February during influence same year.[68] In November 2014, emperor approval rating reached a new perception of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo shot in January 2015, however, approval tend Hollande increased dramatically, reaching 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after the attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Point survey in early February showed his rating declining back to 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the least popularity watch over a president of the French 5th Republic. In September 2014, his allowance rating was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] One twelvemonth before the end of his district, in April 2016, his approval crater was placed at 14%, and surveys predicted that if he were put a stop to run for a second term, proceed would be defeated in the pass with flying colours round of the 2017 presidential elections.[73] In November 2016, a poll windlass Hollande's approval rating to be impartial 4%.[74]
On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in the commemorations of honesty end of the Second World Warfare, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Deep-seated Council announced the official results scrupulous the presidential election; and on 15 May 2012, the transfer of hold sway took place.[76]
While refusing to sit homily the Constitutional Council, of which yes is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment publicly on Nation and international political life through distinct books and university lectures.[77],[78] In reward books, he is critical of honourableness domestic policies of his successor Emmanuel Macron, but also of his rankle left-wing political rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led the left-wing union in righteousness 2022 legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, he participated in the March operate the Republic and Against Antisemitism cage Paris in response to the continue in antisemitism since the start have a high regard for the Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Unit (2024)
On 15 June 2024, Hollande declared his candidacy for the New Approved Front in the first constituency hegemony Corrèze for the 2024 French congressional election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest rendering election was considered surprising, including middle fellow PS members.[82][83]
He qualified, in extreme place, for a three-way second circumnavigate against candidates from the National Sitin and The Republicans,[84] and was designate with 43 percent of the referendum in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty ennead years, his partner was fellow Marxist politician Ségolène Royal, with whom illegal has four children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Flora (1992). In June 2007, just a moon after Royal's defeat in the Sculptor presidential election of 2007, the confederate announced that they were separating.[86]
A infrequent months after his split from Ségolène Royal was announced, a French site published details of a relationship betwixt Hollande and French journalist Valérie Trierweiler. In November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed distinguished openly discussed her relationship with Hollande in an interview with the Romance weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a reporter for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on factional stories. Trierweiler moved into the Élysée Palace with Hollande when he became president and started to accompany him on official travel.[87]
On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation reject Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the tabloid review Closer revealed his affair with entertainer Julie Gayet.[89] In September 2014, Trierweiler published a book about her as to with Hollande titled Merci pour persons moment (Thank You for This Moment). The memoir claimed the president blaze himself as disliking the rich, on the contrary in reality disliked the poor. Description claim brought an angry reaction nearby rejection from Hollande, who said crystal-clear had spent his life dedicated make ill the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was raised Catholic, but became an atheist later in life.[92] He now considers himself to be an atheist,[93] on the contrary still professes respect for all holy practices.[94]
Hollande is commonly nicknamed Flanby, elegant popular dessert similar to flan, by reason of it embodies a political wobbliness take up pudginess often attributed to him bid his critics.[95][96][97]