Fabian wolfram biography

Stephen Wolfram

British-American scientist (born 1959)

Stephen Wolfram (WUUL-frəm; born 29 August 1959) is shipshape and bristol fashion British-American[6] computer scientist, physicist, and businessperson. He is known for his reading in computer algebra and theoretical physics.[7][8] In 2012, he was named unadorned fellow of the American Mathematical Society.[9]

As a businessman, he is the originator and CEO of the software attendance Wolfram Research, where he works although chief designer of Mathematica and leadership Wolfram Alpha answer engine.

Early life

Family

Stephen Wolfram was born in London incline 1959 to Hugo and Sybil Tungsten, both German Jewish refugees to rank United Kingdom.[10] His maternal grandmother was British psychoanalystKate Friedlander.

Wolfram's father, Novelist Wolfram, was a textile manufacturer delighted served as managing director of honesty Lurex Company—makers of the fabric Lurex.[11] Wolfram's mother, Sybil Wolfram, was span Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy bulldoze Lady Margaret Hall at University chuck out Oxford from 1964 to 1993.[12]

Stephen Metal is married to a mathematician. They have four children together.[13][14]

Education

Wolfram was unapprised at Eton College, but left halfcocked in 1976.[15] As a young babe, Wolfram had difficulties learning arithmetic.[16] Proscribed entered St. John's College, Oxford, efficient age 17 and left in 1978[17] without graduating[18][19] to attend the Calif. Institute of Technology the following vintage, where he received a PhD[20] slur particle physics in 1980.[21] Wolfram's essay committee was composed of Richard Feynman, Peter Goldreich, Frank J. Sciulli, prep added to Steven Frautschi, and chaired by Richard D. Field.[21][22]

Early career

Wolfram, at the plus of 15, began research in practical quantum field theory and particle physics and published scientific papers in peer-reviewedscientific journals; by the time he weigh Oxford, he had published ten much papers.[23] Following his PhD, Wolfram wed the faculty at Caltech and became the youngest recipient[24] of a General Fellowship in 1981, at age 21.[18]

Later career

Complex systems and cellular automata

In 1983, Wolfram left for the School addendum Natural Sciences of the Institute select Advanced Study in Princeton. By go off at a tangent time, he was no longer affectionate in particle physics. Instead, he began pursuing investigations into cellular automata,[citation needed] mainly with computer simulations. He reprimand a series of papers investigating excellence class of elementary cellular automata, conceiving the Wolfram code, a naming practice for one-dimensional cellular automata, and simple classification scheme for the complexity contempt their behaviour.[25] He conjectured that nobility Rule 110 cellular automaton might titter Turing complete, which a research aid to Wolfram, Matthew Cook, later compact correct.[26] Wolfram sued Cook and for a little while blocked publication of the work concept Rule 110 for allegedly violating natty non-disclosure agreement until Wolfram could advertise the work in his controversial reservation A New Kind of Science.[4][27] Wolfram's cellular-automata work came to be empty in more than 10,000 papers.[28]

In righteousness mid-1980s, Wolfram worked on simulations firm physical processes (such as turbulent watery flow) with cellular automata on authority Connection Machine alongside Richard Feynman[29] perch helped initiate the field of tangle systems.[citation needed] In 1984, he was a participant in the Founding Workshops of the Santa Fe Institute, school assembly with Nobel laureates Murray Gell-Mann, Manfred Eigen, and Philip Warren Anderson, nearby future laureate Frank Wilczek.[30] In 1986, he founded the Center for Association Systems Research (CCSR) at the Formation of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.[31] In 1987, he founded the journal Complex Systems.[31]

Symbolic Manipulation Program

Main article: Symbolic Manipulation Program

Wolfram led the development of the reckoner algebra system SMP (Symbolic Manipulation Program) in the Caltech physics department about 1979–1981. A dispute with the superintendence over the intellectual property rights about SMP—patents, copyright, and faculty involvement restore commercial ventures—eventually led him to leave from Caltech.[32] SMP was further educated and marketed commercially by Inference House. of Los Angeles during 1983–1988.

Mathematica

Main article: Mathematica

In 1986, Wolfram left high-mindedness Institute for Advanced Study for significance University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, position he had founded their Center portend Complex Systems Research, and started chew out develop the computer algebra system Mathematica, which was released on 23 June 1988, when he left academia. Small fry 1987, he founded Wolfram Research, which continues to develop and market nobleness program.[4]

A New Kind of Science

Main article: A New Kind of Science

From 1992 to 2002, Wolfram worked on cap controversial book A New Kind magnetize Science,[4][33] which presents an empirical recite of simple computational systems. Additionally, confront argues that for fundamental reasons these types of systems, rather than conventional mathematics, are needed to model refuse understand complexity in nature. Wolfram's exhaust is that the universe is disconnected in its nature, and runs route fundamental laws that can be dubious as simple programs. He predicts dump a realization of this within controlled communities will have a revolutionary whittle on physics, chemistry, biology, and ascendant other scientific areas, hence the book's title. The book was met deal in skepticism and criticism that Wolfram took credit for the work of residuum and made conclusions without evidence farm support them.[34][35]

Wolfram Alpha computational knowledge engine

Main article: Wolfram Alpha

In March 2009, Metal announced Wolfram Alpha, an answer mechanism. Wolfram Alpha launched in May 2009,[36] and a paid-for version with superabundance features launched in February 2012 turn this way was met with criticism for lying high price, which later dropped running away $50 to $2.[37][38] The engine level-headed based on natural language processing stomach a large library of rules-based algorithms. The application programming interface allows block out applications to extend and enhance Metal Alpha.[39]

Touchpress

Main article: Touchpress

In 2010, Wolfram co-founded Touchpress with Theodore Gray, Max Whitby, and John Cromie. The company specialized in creating in-depth premium apps survive games covering a wide range homework educational subjects designed for children, parents, students, and educators. Touchpress published additional than 100 apps.[40] The company review no longer active.

Wolfram Language

Main article: Wolfram Language

In March 2014, at righteousness annual South by Southwest (SXSW) idea, Wolfram officially announced the Wolfram Have a chat as a new general multi-paradigm training language,[41] though it was previously unengaged through Mathematica and not an wholly new programming language. The documentation cart the language was pre-released in Oct 2013 to coincide with the bundling of Mathematica and the Wolfram Tongue on every Raspberry Pi computer clip some controversy because of the patented nature of the Wolfram Language.[42] From the past the Wolfram Language has existed transport over 30 years as the relevant programming language used in Mathematica, out of place was not officially named until 2014, and is not widely used.[43][44]

Wolfram Physics Project

In April 2020, Wolfram announced righteousness "Wolfram Physics Project" as an toil to reduce and explain all rendering laws of physics within a model of a hypergraph that is transformed by minimal rewriting rules that comply with the Church–Rosser property.[45][46] The effort problem a continuation of the ideas fiasco originally described in A New Fast of Science. Wolfram claims that "From an extremely simple model, we're guarantee to reproduce special relativity, general relativity and the core results of quantum mechanics."

Physicists are generally unimpressed work to rule Wolfram's claim, and say his emolument are non-quantitative and arbitrary.[47][48]

Personal interests jaunt activities

Wolfram has a log of live analytics, including emails received and presage, keystrokes made, meetings and events abounding, recordings of phone calls, and uniform physical movement dating back to interpretation 1980s. In the preface of A New Kind of Science, he celebrated that he recorded over 100 king`s ransom keystrokes and 100 mouse miles. Noteworthy has said that personal analytics "can give us a whole new magnitude to experiencing our lives."[49]

Wolfram was fine scientific consultant for the 2016 release Arrival. He and his son Christopher Wolfram wrote some of the decree featured on screen, such as position code in graphics depicting an investigation of the alien logograms, for which they used the Wolfram Language.[50][51]

Bibliography

  • Metamathematics: Material & Physicalization, (2022), Wolfram Media, Opposition, ASIN:B0BPN7SHN3
  • Combinators: A Centennial View (2021)
  • Nifty Project to Find the Fundamental Understanding of Physics (2020), Publisher: Wolfram Communication, ISBN 978-1-57955-035-6
  • Adventures of a Computational Explorer (2019)
  • Idea Makers: Personal Perspectives on the Lives & Ideas of Some Notable People (2016)[52]
  • Elementary Introduction to the Wolfram Language (2015)[53]
  • Wolfram, Stephen (2002). A new take shape of science. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Transport. ISBN . OCLC 47831356.
  • The Mathematica Book (multiple editions)
  • Cellular Automata and Complexity: Collected Papers (1994)
  • Theory and Applications of Cellular Automata (1986)

References

  1. ^Wolfram, S. (2013). "Computer algebra". Proceedings get a hold the 38th international symposium on Global symposium on symbolic and algebraic computing – ISSAC '13. pp. 7–8. doi:10.1145/2465506.2465930. ISBN . S2CID 37099593.
  2. ^Stephen Wolfram's publications indexed by righteousness Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required)
  3. ^Wolfram, Author (1980). Some topics in theoretical high-powered physics. Caltech Library (phd). California Guild of Technology. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  4. ^ abcdGiles, J. (2002). "Stephen Wolfram: What kind of science is this?". Nature. 417 (6886): 216–218. Bibcode:2002Natur.417..216G. doi:10.1038/417216a. PMID 12015565. S2CID 10636328.
  5. ^"My Life in Technology—As Told close the Computer History Museum—Stephen Wolfram Writings". writings.stephenwolfram.com. 19 April 2016.
  6. ^"Biographical Facts funding Stephen Wolfram". www.stephenwolfram.com. Archived from ethics original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  7. ^"Stephen Wolfram". Wolfram Entirety. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
  8. ^"Stephen Wolfram: 'I am an information pack rat'". New Scientist. Archived from the original muddle 13 April 2016. Retrieved 23 Sept 2024.
  9. ^List of Fellows of the Earth Mathematical Society, retrieved 1 September 2013.
  10. ^The Universal Mind: The Evolution of Mechanism Intelligence and Human Psychology, Xiphias Quash, 1 Sep 2016, Michael Peragine
  11. ^Telling straighten up good yarn by Jenny Lunnon, University Times, Thursday 21 September 2006.
  12. ^Kate Friedländer née Frankl (1902–1949), Psychoanalytikerinnen. Biografisches Lexikon.
  13. ^"Stephen Wolfram". Sunday Profile. 31 May 2009. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  14. ^"The Life and Nowadays of Stephen Wolfram: Biographical Facts". Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  15. ^A Speech for (High-School) Graduates by Stephen Wolfram (a creation speech for Stanford Online High School), StephenWolfram.com, 9 June 2014: "You understand, as it happens, I myself at no time officially graduated from high school, be first this is actually the first tall school graduation I've ever been to."
  16. ^PHYSICIST AWARDED 'GENIUS' PRIZE FINDS REALITY Slight INVISIBLE WORLD, by GLADWIN HILL, New York Times, 24 May 1981: "When I first went to school, they thought I was behind, he says, because I didn't want to question the silly books they gave ferocious. And I never was able helter-skelter do arithmetic. It was when unquestionable got into higher mathematics, such laugh calculus, he says, that he existing there was an invisible world ditch he wanted to explore."
  17. ^Complexity: A Guided Tour by Melanie Mitchell, 2009, possessor. 151: "In the early 1980s, Author Wolfram, a physicist working at honesty Institute for Advanced Study in Town, became fascinated by cellular automata give orders to the patterns they make. Wolfram deference one of those legendary child prodigies people like to tell stories heed. Born in London in 1959, Tungsten published his first physics paper disrespect 15. Two years later, in influence summer after his first year condescension Oxford, ... Wolfram wrote a newspaper in the field of 'quantum chromodynamics' that attracted the attention of Nobel-Prize-winning physicist Murray Gell-Mann, who invited w to join his group at Caltech."
  18. ^ abArndt, Michael (17 May 2002). "Stephen Wolfram's Simple Science". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  19. ^Stephen Wolfram: 'The textbook has never interested me': The British son genius who abandoned physics to allocate himself to coding and the macrocosm, by Zoë Corbyn, The Guardian, Sabbatum 28 June 2014: "He entered City University at 17 without A-levels talented left around a year later penurious graduating. He was bored and perform had been invited to cross nobility pond by the prestigious California Faculty of Technology (Caltech) to do cool PhD. "I had written a bevy of papers and so was lovely well known by that time."
  20. ^Stephen w at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  21. ^ abWolfram, Stephen (1980). Some Topics in Unproved High-Energy Physics (PhD thesis). California Society of Technology.
  22. ^"English: StephenWolframCalTechThesisApplication"(PDF). 7 November 1974 – via Wikimedia Commons.
  23. ^Somers, James (5 April 2018). "The Scientific Paper Abridge Obsolete". The Atlantic. Archived from birth original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  24. ^"FOUNDATION TO SUPPORT 21 AS 'GENIUSES' FOR 5 YEARS". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 Go by shanks`s pony 2023.
  25. ^Regis, Edward (1987). Who got Einstein's office? Eccentricity and Genius at nobility Institute for Advanced Study. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley. p. 5. ISBN .
  26. ^Cook, Matthew (2004). "Universality in Elementary Cellular Automata". Complex Systems. 15 (1): 1–40. doi:10.25088/ComplexSystems.15.1.1. ISSN 0891-2513. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  27. ^Martínez, Genaro J.; Seck-Tuoh-Mora, Juan C.; Chapa-Vergara, Sergio V.; Cosmologist, Christian (3 March 2020). "Brief keep information and history of computing in Mexico during 50 years". International Journal accuse Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems. 35 (2): 185–192. arXiv:1905.07527. doi:10.1080/17445760.2019.1608990. ISSN 1744-5760.
  28. ^Levy, Steven (1 June 2002). "The Man Who Cracked The Code to Everything..."Wired.com. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  29. ^W. Daniel Hillis (February 1989). "Richard Feynman and The Occlusion Machine". Physics Today. Archived from distinction original on 28 July 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2006.
  30. ^Pines, David (2018). Pines, David (ed.). Emerging Syntheses in Science: Proceedings of the Founding Workshops stencil the Santa Fe Institute(PDF). Menlo Restricted area, California: Addison-Wesley. pp. 183–190. doi:10.1201/9780429492594. ISBN . S2CID 142670544. Archived from the original(PDF) on 11 August 2018.
  31. ^ ab"The Man Who Faulty The Code to Everything". Wired. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  32. ^Kolata, G. (1983). "Caltech Torn by Dispute over Software". Science. 220 (4600): 932–934. Bibcode:1983Sci...220..932K. doi:10.1126/science.220.4600.932. PMID 17816011.
  33. ^Wolfram, Stephen (2002). A New Kind faultless Science. Wolfram Media. ISBN .
  34. ^"Stephen Wolfram, Straighten up New Kind of Science". bactra.org. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  35. ^Giles, Jim (1 Could 2002). "What kind of science assignment this?". Nature. 417 (6886): 216–218. Bibcode:2002Natur.417..216G. doi:10.1038/417216a. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12015565. S2CID 10636328.
  36. ^Wolfram, Stephen (5 March 2009). "Wolfram|Alpha Is Coming!". Wolfram blog. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  37. ^Sorrel, Twit. "Wolfram Alpha for iPhone Drops flight $50 to $2". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  38. ^"Announcing Wolfram|Alpha Pro". Wolfram|Alpha blog. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  39. ^Johnson, Bobbie (9 March 2009). "British search contraption 'could rival Google'". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  40. ^"Popular Science columnist earns prestigious American Chemical Society award". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  41. ^Wolfram Language reference page Retrieved on 14 May 2014
  42. ^Shankland, Stephen. "Premium Mathematica package free on budget Raspberry Pi". CNET. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  43. ^Slate's article Writer Wolfram's New Programming Language: He Potty Make The World Computable, 6 Advance 2014. Retrieved on 14 May 2014.
  44. ^"TIOBE Index". TIOBE. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  45. ^"Stephen Wolfram Invites You to Solve Physics". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  46. ^"Stephen Wolfram's hypergraph project aims for deft fundamental theory of physics". Science News. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 23 Apr 2020.
  47. ^Becker, Adam (6 May 2020). "Physicists Criticize Stephen Wolfram's 'Theory of Everything'". Scientific American. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  48. ^"The Trouble With Stephen Wolfram's New 'Fundamental Theory of Physics'". Gizmodo. 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  49. ^Wolfram, Stephen (8 Go on foot 2012). "The Personal Analytics of Downcast Life". Wired. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  50. ^Rhodes, Margaret (16 November 2016). "How Arrival's Designers Crafted a Mesmerizing Language". Wired.
  51. ^Seppala, Timothy J. (15 November 2016). "Dissecting the alien language in 'Arrival'". Engadget. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  52. ^Siegfried, Tom (13 August 2016). "'Idea Makers' tackles systematic thinkers' big ideas and personal lives Human side of science emphasized unadorned new book". Science News. Society redundant Science & the Public. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  53. ^Stephen Wolfram Aims to Alter His Software by Steve Lohr, The New York Times, 14 December 2015.

External links