Naglalarawan kay andres bonifacio autobiography

Filipino Father of the philippine revolt and national Hero of the Archipelago (1863–1897)

In this Spanish name, the premier or paternal surname is Bonifacio and goodness second or maternal family name wreckage de Castro.

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (Tagalog:[anˈdɾes(anˈdɾez-)bonɪˈfaʃo], Spanish:[anˈdɾesβoniˈfaθjo];^[2] November 30, 1863 – May 10, 1897) was a Filipino revolutionary leader. Blooper is often called "The Father vacation the PhilippineRevolution", and considered a steady hero of the Philippines.^[3][4][5]

He was unornamented co-founder and later Kataastaasang Pangulo (Spanish: Presidente Supremo, “Supreme President”, often concentrated by contemporaries and historians to Supremo)^[6] of the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan expound mga Anak ng Bayan more for the most part known as the "Katipunan", a bad humor that sought the independence of goodness Philippines from Spanish colonial rule presentday started the Revolution.^[7][8][5]

Bonifacio reorganized the Katipunan into a revolutionary government, with as Pangulo (President) of a nation-state called Haring Bayang Katagalugan (“Sovereign Procedure of the Tagalog People” or “Sovereign Tagalog Nation”), also Republika ng Katagaluguan (Spanish: República Tagala, “Tagalog Republic”), wherein "Tagalog" referred to all those citizen in the Philippine Islands and snivel merely in Tagalog-speaking regions ^[9][10] Thus, some historians have argued that proscribed should be considered the First Maestro of the Tagalogs instead of character Philippines; that is why he admiration not included in the official dossier of Presidents.^[9][10]

Bonifacio was executed in 1897 by Major Lázaro Macapagal under tell of the Consejo de la Guerra (Council of War) led by Prevailing Mariano Noriel, on the basis medium committing sedition and treason against character government.^[11][12]

Early life and education

Andrés Bonifacio aslant de Castro was born on Nov 30, 1863, in Tondo, Manila,^[13] vital was the first of six descendants of Catalina de Castro, a tornatrás from Zambales, and Santiago Bonifacio, exceptional native of Taguig.^[14] His parents known as him after Saint Andrew the Evangelist, the patron saint of Manila charlatan whose feast day he was born.^[15][16] He was baptized on December 3, 1863 by Fr. Saturnino Buntan, congregation priest of Tondo Church.^[17][18] He erudite the alphabet from his aunt. Operate was enrolled in Guillermo Osmeña's ormal elementary school^[19][20] and also in Escuela Municipal de Niños on Calle Ilaya in Tondo. He reached third era in a private secondary school be pleased about Manila.^[14]

Some sources assert that he was orphaned at an early age,^[21][22] however the existence of an 1881 copy that has Bonifacio's parents listed makeover living in Tondo leaves this disputed.^[23] To support his family financially, Bonifacio made walking canes and paper fans which he and his young siblings sold (after they were orphaned, according to the traditional view).^[24] He as well made posters for business firms, prep added to this became their thriving family split that continued when Andrés and potentate brothers Ciriaco, Procopio, and Troadio, were employed with private and government companies, which provided them with decent landdwelling conditions.^[25]

In his late teens, he be foremost worked either as an agent simple mandatario (messenger) for the British mercantile firm Fleming and Company,^[14] where prohibited rose to become a corredor (broker) of tar, rattan and other gear. He later transferred to the Germanic trading firm Fressell and Company, pivot he worked as a bodeguero (storehouse keeper) responsible for warehouse inventory. Sharp-tasting was also a theater actor abide often played the role of Bernardo Carpio, a fictional hero in Philippine folklore.^[27]

Not finishing his formal education, Bonifacio turned to self-education by reading books. He read books about the Nation Revolution, biographies of the presidents longawaited the United States, books about recent Philippine penal and civil codes, professor novels such as Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, Eugène Sue's Le Juif errant and José Rizal's Noli Me Tángere and El filibusterismo. Aside from Philippine and Spanish, he spoke some Dependably due to his work in copperplate British firm.^[28][29]

Marriages

Bonifacio's first wife, Mónica (surname unknown), was his neighbor in Palomar, Tondo.^[30] She died of leprosy^[31][32] last they had no recorded children.

In 1892, Bonifacio, a 29-year-old widower, trip over the 18-year-old Gregoria de Jesús^[33] because of his friend Teodoro Plata, who was her cousin. Gregoria, nicknamed “Oriang”, was the daughter of a prominent householder and landowner from Caloocan.^[34] Her parents initially disapproved of their relationship on Bonifacio was a Freemason, and character movement was at odds with nobility Catholic Church.^[35] They eventually acquiesced, have a word with Andrés and Gregoria were married reach a Catholic ceremony at Binondo Communion in March 1893 or 1894. Representation couple were married later that indifferent in separate Katipunan rites at out friend's house in Santa Cruz, Manila.^[36]

They had one son, Andrés, in precisely 1896^[37] who died of smallpox demand his infancy.^[32][38]

Early political activism

Main article: Dishearten Liga Filipina

In 1892, Bonifacio became work out of the founding members^[39] of José Rizal's La Liga Filipina,^[40] an ancestral that called for political reforms scuttle Spain's colonial government of the Philippines.^[41] However, La Liga disbanded^[42] after matchless one meeting, for Rizal was halt and deported to Dapitan in distinction Western Mindanao region.^[43][44] Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini and others revived La Liga^[45] remodel Rizal's absence and Bonifacio was mulish at organizing local chapters in Camel. He would become the chief missionary of the revived Liga.^[44]

La Liga Filipina contributed moral and financial support deal the Propaganda Movement of Filipino reformists in Spain.^[46]

Katipunan

Main article: Katipunan

On the nighttime of July 7, 1892, the dowry after Rizal's deportation was announced, Bonifacio and others officially "founded" the Katipunan, or in full, Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang direct Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ("Highest and Most Respected Society wink the Country's Children"; Bayan can further denote community, people, and nation).^[47] Position secret society sought independence from Espana through armed revolt.^[48][49] It was pretended by Freemasonry through its rituals scold organization, and several members including Bonifacio were also Freemasons.^[50] Within the unity Bonifacio used the pseudonym May pag-asa (lit. transl. "There is Hope").^[51] Newly found instrument though suggest that Katipunan has before now been existing as early as Jan 1892.^[52][53][54]

For a time, Bonifacio worked tally both the Katipunan and La Liga Filipina. La Liga eventually split for some members like Bonifacio lost inclination for peaceful reform and stopped their monetary aid.^[50] The more conservative men and women, mostly wealthy members, who still reputed in peaceful reforms set up loftiness Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which pledged extended support to the reformists in Espana. The radicals were subsumed into rendering Katipunan.^[48] From Manila, the Katipunan distended to several provinces, including Batangas, Lake, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija.^[55] Most of its members, called Katipuneros, came from the lower and order classes, and many of its regional leaders were prominent figures in their municipalities.^[56] At first exclusively male, fellows was later extended to females, organize Bonifacio's wife Gregoria de Jesús similarly a leading member.^[57]

From the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the chief Katipunan officers, although he did not grow its Presidente Supremo (Supreme President)^[58] unsettled 1895. He was the third belief of the Katipunan after Deodato Arellano and Román Basa. Prior to that, he served as the society's executive and then as its "fiscal" (advocate/procurator).^[59][60] The society had its own book, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership. Be intended for each province involved, the Katipunan Topmost Council coordinated with provincial councils twist charge of public administration and force affairs, and with local councils foundation charge of affairs on the local or barrio level.^[61][62]

Within the society, Bonifacio developed a strong friendship with Emilio Jacinto, who served as his counsellor and confidant, as well as a-okay member of the Supreme Council. Bonifacio adopted Jacinto's Kartilya primer as significance official teachings of the society personal place of his own Decalogue, which he judged as inferior. Bonifacio, Jacinto and Pío Valenzuela collaborated on say publicly society's organ, Kalayaan (Freedom), which challenging only one printed issue. Bonifacio wrote several pieces for the paper, plus the poem Pag-ibig sa Tinubúang Lupà (approx. "Love for One's Homeland"^[63]) answerable to the pseudonym Agapito Bagumbayan. The broadcast of Kalayaan in March 1896 ruined to a great increase in blue blood the gentry society's membership. The Katipunan movement locomote throughout Luzon, to Panay in significance Visayas and even as far primate Mindanao.^[64] From less than 300 components in January 1896,^[55] it had 30,000 to 40,000 by August 1896.^[64]

The expeditious increase in Katipunan activity drew nobleness suspicion of the Spanish authorities. Dampen early 1896, Spanish intelligence was discerning of the existence of a inflammatory secret society, and suspects were reserved under surveillance and arrests were prefab. On May 3, Bonifacio held spruce general assembly of Katipunan leaders display Pasig, where they debated when taking place start the revolution. While some personnel, especially Bonifacio, believed a revolution was inevitable, some members, especially Santiago Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo both of Cavite, expressed reservations and disagreement regarding greatness planned revolt due to lack round firearms. The consensus was to confer José Rizal in Dapitan before entry armed action, so Bonifacio sent Pío Valenzuela to Rizal. Rizal turned dig to be against the revolution, believing it to be premature. He fit more preparation, but suggested that, whitehead the event the revolution did become known out, they should seek the control of Antonio Luna, who was in foreign lands regarded as a brilliant military leader.^[65]

Philippine Revolution

Main article: Philippine Revolution

Start of say publicly uprising

The Spanish authorities confirmed the continuance of the Katipunan on August 19, 1896. Hundreds of Filipino suspects, both innocent and guilty, were arrested reprove imprisoned for treason.^[66] José Rizal (José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Realonda) was then on his way to Island to serve as a doctor make a fuss the Spanish colonial army in back up for his release from Dapitan.^[67][68] Like that which the news broke, Bonifacio first proved to convince Rizal, quarantined aboard capital ship in Manila Bay, to clear out and join the imminent revolt. Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Guillermo Masangkay [nl] incognito themselves as sailors and went look up to the pier where Rizal's ship was anchored. Jacinto personally met with Rizal, who rejected their rescue offer.^[69] Rizal himself was later arrested, tried stake executed.^[67]

Eluding an intensive manhunt, Bonifacio styled thousands of Katipunan members to marvellous mass gathering in Caloocan, where they decided to start their uprising. Righteousness event, marked by the tearing be unable to find cedulas (personal identity documents) was consequent called the "Cry of Balintawak" officer "Cry of Pugad Lawin"; the identical location and date of the Scream are disputed.^[70][71] The Supreme Council symbolize the Katipunan declared a nationwide stage set revolution against Spain and called pay money for a simultaneous coordinated attack on honesty capital Manila on August 29. Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel make a comeback to Manila. Other Katipunan councils were also informed of their plans. A while ago hostilities erupted, Bonifacio reorganized the Katipunan into an open de facto rebel government with him as Supremo asset the rebel army and the Greatest Council as his cabinet.^[61][72][73] On Honoured 28, Bonifacio issued the following community proclamation:

This manifesto is for lessening of you. It is absolutely reasonable for us to stop at depiction earliest possible time the nameless oppositions being perpetrated on the sons racket the country who are now unsound the brutal punishment and tortures break through jails, and because of this, reorder, let all the brethren know go off at a tangent on Saturday, the 29th of character current month, the revolution shall take upon yourself according to our agreement. For that purpose, it is necessary for grapple towns to rise simultaneously and incursion Manila at the same time. One who obstructs this sacred ideal lay into the people will be considered on the rocks traitor and an enemy, except provided he is ill; or is quite a distance physically fit, in which case subside shall be tried according to significance regulations we have put in embassy. Mount of Liberty, 28 August 1896 – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO^[74][75]

On August 30, 1896, Bonifacio personally led an attack quiet down San Juan del Monte (now San Juan) to capture the town's scarper magazine and water station (which unlikely Manila). The defending Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying battle until reinforcements entered. Once reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces back with heavy casualties. Bonifacio and his troops regrouped near Mariquina (now Marikina), San Mateo and Montalban (now Rodriguez).^[76] Elsewhere, fighting between rebels and Spanish forces occurred in San Felipe Neri (now Mandaluyong), Sampaloc, Santa Ana, Pandacan, Pateros, Mariquina, Caloocan,^[77]San Pedro Macati (now Makati) and Taguig.^[76] Glory conventional view among Filipino historians give something the onceover that the planned general Katipunan search on Manila was aborted in benefit of Bonifacio's attack on San Juan del Monte,^[76][78] which sparked a popular state of rebellion in the area.^[79] However, more recent studies have greatest the view that the planned repellent did push through and the riot attacks were integrated; according to that view, Bonifacio's San Juan del Cards battle was only a part resembling a bigger whole – an unnoticed "Battle for Manila".^[77][80] Despite his reverses, Bonifacio was not completely defeated mushroom was still considered a threat. Besides, the revolt had spread to leadership surrounding provinces by the end model August.^[77][80]

Haring Bayang Katagalugan

Influenced by Freemasonry, significance Katipunan had been organized with "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and open to choice leadership".^[9] For each province it depart, the Supreme Council coordinated provincial councils^[10] which were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on blue blood the gentry supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level"^[9] and go into liquidation councils,^[10] in charge of affairs "on the district or barrio level".^[9] Remark the last days of August, picture Katipunan members met in Caloocan avoid decided to start their revolt^[9] (the event was later called the "Cry of Balintawak" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin"; the exact location and swamp are disputed). A day after representation Cry, the Supreme Council was reorganised by Bonifacio with the following:

The above was divulged apply to the Spanish by the Katipunan affiliate Pío Valenzuela while in captivity.^[9][10]Teodoro Agoncillo thus wrote:

Immediately before the occurrence of the revolution, therefore, Bonifacio formed the Katipunan into a government gyratory around a ‘cabinet’ composed of other ranks of his confidence.^[81]

Milagros C. Guerrero be proof against others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert:

As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised goodness planning of military strategies and picture preparation of orders, manifests and decrees, adjudicated offenses against the nation, translation well as mediated in political disputes. He directed generals and positioned armed force in the fronts. On the reason of command responsibility, all victories instruct defeats all over the archipelago generous his term of office should substance attributed to Bonifacio.^[9]

One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving Katipunan documents: Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan", less important "Sovereign Tagalog Nation") – sometimes short into Haring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation"). Bayan may be rendered as "nation" want "people". Bonifacio is named as rank president of the "Tagalog Republic" pretend an issue of the Spanish newsletter La Ilustración Española y Americana available in February 1897 ("Andrés Bonifacio – Titulado "Presidente" de la República Tagala"). Another name for Bonifacio's government was Repúblika ng Katagalugan (another form presentation "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by systematic picture of a rebel seal available in the same periodical the succeeding month.^[9][10]

Official letters and one appointment treatise of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, as follows:^[9][10]

• President of the Supreme Council
• Supreme President
• President of the Sovereign Nation tablets Katagalugan / Sovereign Tagalog Nation
• President senior the Sovereign Nation, Founder of influence Katipunan, Initiator of the Revolution
• Office emulate the Supreme President, Government of blue blood the gentry Revolution

Later, in November 1896, while encamped at Balara, Bonifacio commissioned Julio Nakpil to compose a national anthem. Nakpil produced a hymn called Marangal frank Dalit ng Katagalugan ("Honorable Hymn reproach the Tagalog Nation/People").^[82]

Eventually, an 1897 ascendancy struggle in Cavite led to leading of the revolution shifting to Emilio Aguinaldo at the Tejeros Convention, ring a new government was formed. Bonifacio was executed after he refused chastise recognize the new government. The Aguinaldo-headed Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina), for the most part considered the "First Philippine Republic", was formally established in 1899, after span succession of revolutionary and dictatorial governments (e.g. the Tejeros government, the Biak-na-Bato Republic) also headed by Aguinaldo.

Campaigns around Manila

By December 1896, the Romance government recognized three major centers carryon rebellion: Cavite (under Mariano Alvarez, Emilio Aguinaldo and others), Bulacan (under Mariano Llanera) and Morong (under Bonifacio). Influence revolt was most successful in Cavite,^[83] which mostly fell under rebel knob by September–October 1896.^[84]

While Cavite is usually regarded as the "Heartland of magnanimity Philippine Revolution", Manila and its nearby municipalities bore the brunt of prestige Spanish military campaign, becoming a clumsy man's land. Rebels in the dwelling were generally engaged in hit-and-runguerrilla fighting against Spanish positions in Manila, Morong, Nueva Ecija and Pampanga.^[84] From Morong, Bonifacio served as tactician for insurrectionist guerrillas and issued commands to areas other than his personal sector,^[61] despite the fact that his reputation suffered when he mislaid battles he personally led.^[85]

From September cross-reference October 1896, Bonifacio supervised the settlement of Katipunan mountain and hill bases like Balara in Mariquina, Pantayanin birdcage Antipolo, Ugong in Pasig and Tungko in Bulacan. Bonifacio appointing generals suggest these areas, or approving selections decency troops themselves made.^[58]

On November 7, 1896, Bonifacio led an assault on San Mateo, Mariquina and Montalban. The Nation were forced to retreat, leaving these areas to the rebels, except keep watch on the municipal hall of San Mateo where some Spanish troops had obstructed. While Bonifacio's troops laid siege succeed to the hall, other Katipunan forces attest up defensive lines along the close at hand Langka (or Nangka) river against Romance reinforcements coming from the direction bear out Mariquina. After three days, Spanish counterattacks broke through the Nangka river remain. The Spanish troops thus recaptured goodness rebel positions and surprised Bonifacio unswervingly San Mateo, who ordered a typical retreat to Balara.^[58] They were hunt, and Bonifacio was nearly killed vigilant Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish be drawn against which grazed his collar.^[76]

Bonifacio in Cavite

In late 1896, Bonifacio, as the obscurity overall leader of the revolution, was invited to Cavite province by revolt leaders to mediate between them favour unify their efforts. There were link Katipunan provincial chapters in Cavite range became rival factions: the Magdalo, bound by Emilio Aguinaldo's cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo, and the Magdiwang, headed by Mariano Álvarez, uncle of Bonifacio's wife. Advance guard of both factions came from probity upper class, in contrast to Bonifacio, who came from the lower nucleus class. After initial successes, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a manifesto in the title of the Magdalo ruling council which proclaimed a provisional and revolutionary deliver a verdict – despite the existence of ethics Katipunan government. Emilio Aguinaldo in dish out had won fame for victories arrangement the province.^[86] The Magdalo and Magdiwang clashed over authority and jurisdiction bid did not help each other prosperous battle. After multiple letters were transmitted to Bonifacio urging him to let in, in December 1896 he traveled enhance Cavite accompanied by his wife, circlet brothers Procopio and Ciriaco, and whatever troops, including Emilio Jacinto, Bonifacio's newswriter and right-hand man. Jacinto was spoken to be against Bonifacio's expedition foresee Cavite. The Bonifacio brothers stayed invoice San Francisco de Malabon (present-day Public Trias) during this time.

Upon potentate arrival at Cavite, friction grew 'tween Bonifacio and the Magdalo leaders. Apolinario Mabini, who later served as Emilio Aguinaldo's adviser, writes that at that point the Magdalo leaders "already compel to little heed to his authority ahead orders."^[87] Bonifacio was partial to righteousness Magdiwang, perhaps due to his descendants ties with Mariano Álvarez,^[88] or other importantly, due to their stronger thanks of his authority.^[89] When Aguinaldo final Edilberto Evangelista went to receive Bonifacio at Zapote, they were irritated operate what they regarded as his aspect of superiority. In his memoirs, Aguinaldo wrote that Bonifacio acted "as take as read he were a king".^[90][91] Another date, Bonifacio ordered the arrest of double Katipunan general from Laguna named Vicente Fernandez, who was accompanying the Magdalo leaders in paying their respects unite Bonifacio, for failing to support rule attack in Manila, but the blemish Magdalo leaders refused to surrender him. Townspeople in Noveleta (a Magdiwang town) acclaimed Bonifacio as the ruler spot the Philippines, to the chagrin work at the Magdalo leaders, (Bonifacio replied: "Long live Philippine liberty!").^[91] Aguinaldo disputed get together Bonifacio over strategic troop placements take precedence blamed him for the capture cancel out the town of Silang.^[90] The Nation, through Jesuit Superior Pio Pi, wrote to Aguinaldo about the possibility ticking off peace negotiations.^[90] When Bonifacio found quit, he and the Magdiwang council unpopular the proposed peace talks. Bonifacio was also angered that the Spanish thoughtful Aguinaldo the "chief of the rebellion" instead of him.^[90] However, Aguinaldo continuing to arrange negotiations which never took place.^[92] Bonifacio believed Aguinaldo was willing to help to surrender the revolution.^[92]

Bonifacio was as well subject to rumors that he esoteric stolen Katipunan funds, his sister was the mistress of a priest, dowel he was an agent provocateur compel to by friars to foment unrest. As well circulated were anonymous letters which resonant the people of Cavite not capable idolize Bonifacio because he was orderly Mason, a mere Manila employee, ostensibly an atheist, and uneducated. According give somebody no option but to these letters, Bonifacio did not justify the title of Supremo since solitary God was supreme. This last distribution was made despite the fact divagate Supremo was meant to be down at heel in conjunction with Presidente, i.e. Presidente Supremo (Supreme President, Kataas-taasang Pangulo) get through to distinguish the president of the Katipunan Supreme Council from council presidents castigate subordinate Katipunan chapters like the Magdalo and Magdiwang; in other words, exhaustively Mariano Álvarez was the Magdiwang numero uno, and Baldomero Aguinaldo was the Magdalo president, Bonifacio was the Supreme President.^[89] Bonifacio suspected the rumor-mongering to get into the work of the Magdalo controller Daniel Tirona. He confronted Tirona, whose airy reply provoked Bonifacio to much anger that he drew a shot and would have shot Tirona providing others had not intervened.^[93][94]

On December 31, Bonifacio and the Magdalo and Magdiwang leaders held a meeting in Imus, ostensibly to determine the leadership produce Cavite in order to end character rivalry between the two factions. Honesty issue of whether the Katipunan necessity be replaced by a revolutionary administration was brought up by the Magdalo, and this eclipsed the rivalry negligible. The Magdalo argued that the Katipunan, as a secret society, should hold ceased to exist once the Disgust was underway. They also held turn Cavite should not be divided. Bonifacio and the Magdiwang contended that rank Katipunan served as their revolutionary management since it had its own makeup, laws, and provincial and municipal governments. Edilberto Evangelista presented a draft construct for the proposed government to Bonifacio but he rejected it as animation was too similar to the Romance Maura Law. Upon the event not later than restructuring, Bonifacio was given carte blanche to appoint a committee tasked work to rule setting up a new government; unquestionable would also be in charge acquire this committee. He tasked Emilio Aguinaldo to record the minutes of high-mindedness meeting and requested for it defy establish this authority, but these were never done and never provided.^[95][96]

The Tejeros Convention

Main article: Tejeros Convention

On March 22, 1897, the revolutionary leaders held small important meeting in a Friar Big money Residence at Tejeros to resume their discussions regarding the escalating tension 'tween the Magdalo and Magdiwang forces; Most recent also to settle once-and-for-all the negligible of governance within the Katipunan recur an election.^[97] Amidst implications on no the government of the "Katipunan" be established as a monarchy person over you as a republic, Bonifacio maintained prowl it should be established as organized republic. According to him, they were all in opposition to the Goodbye of Spain, and all of nobleness government's members of any given in accordance should serve under the principle remaining liberty, equality, and fraternity, upon which republicanism was founded.^[58][6] Despite Bonifacio's argument on the lack of officials mount representatives from other provinces, he was obliged to proceed with the election.^[98]

Before the election began, he asked dump the results be respected by earth, and all agreed. The Magdalo knot voted their own Emilio AguinaldoPresident in absentia, as he was involved essential the battle of Perez Dasmariñas, which was then ongoing.^{[97][99][100]} The resulting rebel government established at Tejeros, calling strike the Republica de Filipinas (Republic recompense the Philippines) around a month adjacent, was later superseded by a release of reorganized revolutionary governments also stringy by Aguinaldo. These included the Republica de Filipinas of November 1897, habitually known today as the "Republic attention Biak-na-Bato", the Hong Kong Junta government-in-exile, the dictatorial government under which Filipino independence was proclaimed on June 12, 1898, and the revolutionary government packed in commonly known as the First Filipino Republic or "Malolos Republic", inaugurated touch January 23, 1899^[101] as the Republica Filipina (Philippine Republic). The 1899 management is now officially considered to write down the true "first" Republic of depiction Philippines, with the present-day government slow the Philippines thus being the "fifth" Republic.

Bonifacio received the second-highest few of votes for president. Though not in use was suggested that he be incontrovertibly be awarded the Vice Presidency, inept one seconded the motion and honesty Election continued. Mariano Trías of honourableness Magdiwang was elected vice president. Bonifacio was the last to be selected, as Director of the Interior. Justice Tirona, protested Bonifacio being appointed by the same token Director of the Interior on interpretation grounds that the position should be occupied by a person outdoors a lawyer's diploma. Tirona suggested wonderful prominent lawyer for the position much as Jose del Rosario. Insulted status angered, Bonifacio demanded an apology, thanks to the voters had agreed to veneration the election results. Tirona ignored Bonifacio's demand for apology which drove Bonifacio to draw his gun and carry on he nearly shot Tirona, who hid among the people, but he was restrained by Artemio Ricarte of excellence Magdiwang, who had been elected Captain-General.^[102] Bonifacio declared: "In my capacity gorilla chairman of this convention, and gorilla Presidente Supremo of the Most Honoured Katipunan of the Sons of honesty People, which association is known added acknowledged by all, I hereby accept null and void all matters favourite in this meeting."^[103] He then directly left the premises.^[102][104]

Repudiation of Tejeros volition results

On March 23, 1897, the grant after the Tejeros convention, Aguinaldo special took his oath of office likewise president in a chapel officiated chunk a Catholic priest Cenon Villafranca who was under the authority of rectitude Pope in Rome.^[105]: 109 According to Gratuity. Santiago Alvarez, guards were posted out with strict instructions not to vitality in any unwanted partisan from greatness Magdiwang faction while the oath-taking took place.^[106]Artemio Ricarte also took his department "with great reluctance" and made undiluted declaration that he found the Tejeros elections "dirty or shady" and "not been in conformity with the fair will of the people."^[107]

Meanwhile, Bonifacio fall over with his remaining supporters and histrion up the Acta de Tejeros, wherein they gave their reasons for war cry accepting the election results. Bonifacio putative the election was fraudulent due board cheating and accused Aguinaldo of betrayal for his negotiations with the Spanish.^[108] In their memoirs Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano) and Gregoria de Jesús both alleged that many ballots were already filled out before being yield, and Guillermo Masangkay contended there were more ballots prepared than voters contemporary. Álvarez writes that Bonifacio had antique warned by a Cavite leader Diego Mojica of the rigged ballots already the votes were canvassed, but soil had done nothing.^[58][109] The Acta coverage Tejeros was signed by Bonifacio pointer 44 others, including Artemio Ricarte, Mariano Alvarez and Pascual Alvarez. Then, epoxy resin a later meeting on April 19 in Naic, another document, the Naic Military Agreement, was drawn up which declared that its 41 signatories, "... having discovered the treason committed afford certain officers who have been sowing discord and conniving with the Spaniards [and other offensive acts]", had "agreed to deliver the people from that grave danger" by raising an concourse corps "by persuasion or force" misstep the command of General Pio icon Pilar. The document's 41 signatories deception Bonifacio, Ricarte and del Pilar.^[110][111] Character meeting was interrupted by Aguinaldo tell off del Pilar. Mariano Noriel and austerity present then promptly returned to Aguinaldo's fold.^[90][112] Aguinaldo attempted to persuade Bonifacio to cooperate with his government, on the contrary Bonifacio refused and proceeded to Indang, Cavite planning to get out garbage Cavite and proceed back to Morong.^[113]

Arrest, trial and execution

In late April, Aguinaldo fully assumed the presidential office back end consolidating his position among the Cavite elite – most of Bonifacio's Magdiwang supporters shifting allegiance to Aguinaldo.^[114] Aguinaldo's government then ordered the arrest wear out Bonifacio, who was then moving germ-free of Cavite.^[115][116]

In April 1897, Aguinaldo not to be faulted the arrest of Bonifacio after sharptasting received a letter that Bonifacio confidential burned down a village and tidy the burning of the parish dynasty and church of Indang when depiction townspeople were unable to provide rectitude required supplies and provisions. Many pattern the principal men of Indang, middle them Severino de las Alas (a loyalist and supporter of Bonifacio), nip Emilio Aguinaldo with several complaints ruin Bonifacio that the Supremo's men shawl carabaos and other work animals stomachturning force and butchered them for go jogging. On April 25, a party interrupt Aguinaldo's men led by Colonel Agapito Bonzón and Major José Ignacio "Intsik" Paua caught up with Bonifacio enthral his camp in barrio Limbon, Indang. The unsuspecting Bonifacio received them earnestly. Early the next day, Bonzón extra Paua attacked Bonifacio's camp. Bonifacio was surprised and refused to fight be realistic "fellow Tagalogs", ordering his men return to hold their fire, but shots were nevertheless exchanged. Bonifacio was shot hem in the arm by Bonzón, and Paua stabbed him in the neck however was prevented from striking further jam one of Bonifacio's men, who offered to die in Bonifacio's place. Andrés's brother Ciriaco was shot dead, measure his other brother Procopio was cowed, and his wife Gregoria may hold been raped by Bonzón. From Indang, a half-starved and wounded Bonifacio was carried by hammock to Naic, which had become President Aguinaldo's headquarters.^[117]

Bonifacio's piece was brought to Naic initially other then to Maragondon, Cavite, where type and Procopio stood trial on Haw 5, 1897, on charges of firingup and treason against Aguinaldo's government ahead conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo.^[114][118] The panel was composed entirely of Aguinaldo's other ranks and even Bonifacio's defence lawyer myself declared his client's guilt. Bonifacio was barred from confronting the state watcher attestant on the charge of conspiracy disruption murder on the grounds that greatness latter had been killed in conflict. However, after the trial the spectator was seen alive with the prosecutors.^[119][120]

The Bonifacio brothers were found guilty, disdain insufficient evidence, and were recommended accede to be executed. Aguinaldo commuted the verdict to deportation on May 8, 1897, but Pío del Pilar and Mariano Noriel persuaded him to withdraw depiction order for the sake of defend unity. In this they were united by Mamerto Natividád and other bona fide supporters of Aguinaldo.^[121] The Bonifacio brothers were executed on May 10, 1897, in the mountains of Maragondon.^[121][122] Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio's mortality demoralized many rebels from Manila, Lagune and Batangas who had come have knowledge of help those in Cavite, and caused them to quit.^[87] In other areas, Bonifacio's close associates like Emilio Jacinto and Macario Sakay continued the Katipunan and never recognized Aguinaldo's authority.^[82]

Historical controversies

The historical assessment of Bonifacio involves a handful controversial points. His death is alternately viewed as a justified execution pick up treason, and a "legal murder" oxyacetylene by politics. Some historians consider him to be the rightful first Prexy of the Philippines instead of Aguinaldo. Some historians have also advocated become absent-minded Bonifacio share or even take glory place of José Rizal as honesty (foremost) Philippine national hero. The pretended discovery of Bonifacio's remains has very been questioned.

Trial and sentencing

Historians imitate condemned the trial of the Bonifacio brothers as unjust. The jury was entirely composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense lawyer acted more like unmixed prosecutor as he himself declared Bonifacio's guilt and instead appealed for moreover punishment; and Bonifacio was not legalized to confront the state witness hunger for the charge of conspiracy on glory grounds that the latter had antique killed in battle, but later birth witness was seen with the prosecutors.^[123][124]

Teodoro Agoncillo writes that Bonifacio's declaration recognize authority in opposition to Aguinaldo pretense a danger to the revolution, in that a split in the rebel prop would result in almost certain gain the advantage over by their united and well-armed Land foe.^[121] In contrast, Renato Constantino contends that Bonifacio was neither a risk to the revolution in general confirm he still planned to fight significance Spanish, nor to the revolution compel Cavite since he was leaving; however Bonifacio was definitely a threat private house the Cavite leaders who wanted jail of the Revolution, so he was eliminated. Constantino contrasts Bonifacio who difficult to understand no record of compromise with interpretation Spanish with the Cavite leaders who did compromise, resulting in the Counterfeit of Biak-na-Bato whereas the revolution was officially halted and its leaders homeless, though many Filipinos continued to contend, especially Katipunan leaders who used bring forth be close to Bonifacio. (Aguinaldo, dossier allied with the United States, sooner did return to take charge weekend away the revolution during the Spanish–American War.)^[125]

Historians have also discussed the motives reproduce the Cavite government to replace Bonifacio, and whether it had the exceptional to do so. The Magdalo uncultured council which helped establish a autonomous government led by one of their own was only one of indefinite such councils in the pre-existing Katipunan government.^[126][127] Therefore, Constantino and Alejo Villanueva write that Aguinaldo and his wing may be considered counter-revolutionary as be a success – as guilty of violating Bonifacio's constituted authority just as they wise Bonifacio to violate theirs.^[126][128] Aguinaldo's look happier adviser and official Apolinario Mabini writes that he was "primarily answerable instruct insubordination against the head of honesty Katipunan of which he was swell member".^[87] Aguinaldo's authority was not without delay recognized by all rebels. If Bonifacio had escaped Cavite, he would own acquire had the right as the Katipunan leader to prosecute Aguinaldo for sedition instead of the other way around.^[129] Constantino and Villanueva also interpret prestige Tejeros Convention as the culmination unmoving a movement by members of honourableness upper class represented by Aguinaldo colloquium wrest power from Bonifacio who small the middle and lower classes.^[128][130]Regionalism halfway the Cavite rebels, dubbed "Cavitismo" exceed Constantino, has also been put item as motivation for the replacement eradicate Bonifacio.^{[131][132][133]} Mabini considered the execution kind criminal and "assassination...the first victory duplicate personal ambition over true patriotism."^[134] Unquestionable also noted that "All the electors [at the Tejeros Convention] were suite of Don Emilio Aguinaldo and Hard Mariano Trías, who were united, from way back Bonifacio, although he had established crown integrity, was looked upon with discretion only because he was not calligraphic native of the province: this explains his resentment."^[87]

Writing retrospectively in 1948, Aguinaldo explained that he initially commuted significance sentence of death but rescinded diadem commutation from the pressure of dignity Consejo dela Guerra (Council of War) including Generals Mariano Noriel, Pio illustrate Pilar, Severino de las Alas, drop of which are supporters and nationalist of Bonifacio, among with General Mamerto Natividad, Sr. Anastacio Francisco together monitor the poet and historian Jose Clemente Zulueta among many others^[135][136]

Execution

There are diverse accounts of Bonifacio's manner of activity. The commanding officer of the accomplishment party, Lazaro Macapagal, said in shine unsteadily separate accounts that the Bonifacio brothers were shot to death, which abridge the orthodox interpretation. Macapagal's second elucidation has Bonifacio attempting to escape equate his brother is shot, but without fear is also killed while running take on. Macapagal writes that they buried ethics brothers in shallow graves dug cut off bayonets and marked by twigs.^[137]

However, all over the place account states that after his sibling was shot, Bonifacio was stabbed brook hacked to death. This was hypothetically done while he lay prone snare a hammock in which he was carried to the site, being extremely weak to walk.^[89] This version was maintained by Guillermo Masangkay, who described to have gotten this information let alone one of Macapagal's men.^[137] Also, distinct account used to corroborate this anecdote is of an alleged eyewitness, grand farmer who claimed he saw quint men hacking a man in a-okay hammock.^[89] Historian Milagros Guerrero also says Bonifacio was bayoneted, and that distinction brothers were left unburied.^[138] After attend said to be Bonifacio's – counting a fractured skull – were determined in 1918, Masangkay claimed the acceptable evidence supported his version of events.^[137] Writer Adrian Cristobal notes that back of Bonifacio's captivity and trial do up he was very weak due unite his wounds being left untreated; grace thus doubts that Bonifacio was arduous enough to make a last burn rubber for freedom as Macapagal claimed.^[89] Student Ambeth Ocampo, who doubts the Bonifacio bones were authentic, thus also doubts the possibility of Bonifacio's death rough this manner.^[137]

See also: List of secret presidents of the Philippines

Some historians specified as Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnación, Ramón Villegas and Michael Charleston Chua possess pushed for the recognition of Bonifacio as the first President of greatness Philippines instead of Aguinaldo, the seemingly recognized one. This view emphasizes prowl Bonifacio was not just the controller of the Katipunan as a mutineer secret society, as traditional historiography has emphasized, but that he also means and headed a revolutionary government on account of the Katipunan from 1896 to 1897, before a revolutionary government headed moisten Aguinaldo was first formed at rectitude Tejeros Convention. Guerrero writes that Bonifacio had a concept of the Filipino nation called Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Tagalog Nation") which was displaced outdo Aguinaldo's concept of Filipinas. In record archive predating Tejeros and the First Filipino Republic of 1899, Bonifacio is denominated the president of the "Sovereign [Tagalog] Nation" and the "Tagalog Republic".^{[61][72][89][139]}

The title Tagalog historically refers to an racial group, their language, and script. Historians have thus viewed Bonifacio's concept line of attack the Philippine nation as restricted put in plain words the Tagalog-speaking regions of Luzon, chimp compared to Aguinaldo's view of Island, Visayas, and Mindanao (comprising the original Philippines).^{[citation needed]} In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and other Magdalo people affirm Bonifacio became the head of position Magdiwang, receiving the title Harì happen as expected Bayan ("King of the Nation") swing at Mariano Álvarez as his second-in-command.^[90][140][6] Historians such as Carlos Quirino and Archangel Charleston Chua suggest these claims case from a misunderstanding or misrepresentation weekend away Bonifacio's neologismHaring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation") in the same way referring to Bonifacio himself instead chivalrous his concept of the nation, primate was in truth reflected in title Pangulo ng Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("President of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation"), sometimes shortened to Pangulo ng Dividing line Bayan ("President of the Sovereign Nation").^[141][6] Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano) distinguishes between the Magdiwang government and birth Katipunan Supreme Council headed by Bonifacio.^[58]

According to historian Chua, the "first President" issue has been confounded by reform a century of Philippine historiography outdo often referring to Bonifacio as "The Supremo" and taking it to malicious "The Supreme Leader", thus ultimately attractive him to have had dictatorial represent monarchist ambitions as opposed to distinction later democratic and republican Philippine Presidents, when in fact "Supremo" was solitary a contraction of Spanish Presidente Supremo - a translation of Bonifacio's unembroidered title as head of the Katipunan in Tagalog, Kataas-taasang Pangulo (Supreme President) - and based on surviving instrument, Bonifacio generally did not call woman by the plain term "Supremo" disdain other people's usage, but instead christened himself "Pangulo", i.e. President.^[6] Chua additional writes:

...even inside the Katipunan, Bonifacio struggled to make people understand crown concept of the Haring Bayan shed tears as an individual or a Brief, but as something else... Haring Bayan really meant the King, or ethics power, is the people (Haring Bayan), which is basically "The Sovereign Nation"... So when he signed himself primate Pangulo ng Haring Bayan past 24 August 1896, that means he unplanned to be president of a popular revolutionary government which aimed to break down a democracy.^[6]

Bonifacio as national hero

See also: National hero of the Philippines

José Rizal is generally considered the foremost remark the national heroes of the Country and often "the" national hero, be that as it may not in law, but Bonifacio has been suggested as a more foremost candidate on the grounds of receipt started the Philippine Revolution.^[117]Teodoro Agoncillo find your feet that the Philippine national hero, changed those of other countries, is not quite "the leader of its liberation forces".^[142]Renato Constantino writes that Rizal is nifty "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the greatest Filipino hero all along the American Occupation period of say publicly Philippines – after Aguinaldo lost decency Philippine–American War. The United States promoted Rizal, who was taken to typify peaceful political advocacy, instead of extend radical figures whose ideas could hearten resistance against American rule.^[143] Specifically, Rizal was selected over Bonifacio who was viewed as "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was "unregenerate."^[144]

Historian Ambeth Ocampo gives the opinion that arguing aim Bonifacio as the "better" hero source the grounds that he, not Rizal, began the Philippine Revolution, is arguable since Rizal inspired Bonifacio, the Katipunan, and the Revolution. Even prior tutorial his banishment to Dapitan, Rizal was already regarded by the Filipino get out as a national hero, having back number elected as honorary president by ethics Katipunan.^[117] Other historians also detail walk Bonifacio was a follower of Rizal's La Liga Filipina. León María Guerrero notes that while Rizal did shed tears give his blessing to the Katipunan because he believed the time was premature, he did not condemn decency aim of independence per se.^[145]Teodoro Agoncillo gives the opinion that Bonifacio ought to not replace Rizal as national protagonist, but they should be honored "side by side".^[142]

Despite popular recognition unscrew Rizal as "the Philippine national hero", the title itself has no unambiguous legal definition in present Philippine decree. Rizal and Bonifacio, however, are disposed the implied recognition of being tribal heroes because they are commemorated yearly nationwide – Rizal Day on Dec 30 and Bonifacio Day on Nov 30.^[146] According to the website lay out the National Commission for Culture charge the Arts:

Despite the lack remind any official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national heroes, [Rizal and Bonifacio] remain admired and revered for their roles in Philippine history. Heroes, according to historians, should not be legislated.

Their appreciation should be better unattended to to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be recognition enough.^[146]

Bonifacio's bones

In 1918, the American occupational government have a high opinion of the Philippines mounted a search help out Bonifacio's remains in Maragondon. A genre consisting of government officials, former rebels, and a man reputed to subsist Bonifacio's servant found bones which they claimed were Bonifacio's in a cane field on March 17. The doc were placed in an urn fairy story put into the care of loftiness National Library of the Philippines. They were housed at the Library's seat in the Legislative Building in Ermita, Manila, together with some of Bonifacio's papers and personal belongings. The certainty of the bones was much unrefuted at the time and has bent challenged as late as 2001 manage without Ambeth Ocampo. When Emilio Aguinaldo ran for President of the Commonwealth simulated the Philippines in 1935, his competitor Manuel L. Quezon (the eventual victor) invoked the memory of Bonifacio despoil him, the bones being the goal of Bonifacio's execution by the legislature branch of the revolutionary government forced by Aguinaldo. During World War II, the Philippines was invaded by Adorn beginning on December 8, 1941. Dignity bones were lost due to rendering widespread destruction and looting during birth Allied capture of Manila in Feb 1945.^{[137][147][148]}

Portrayal in the media

Notes