Sir cv raman autobiography vs biography
C. V. Raman
Indian physicist (1888–1970)
In this Amerind name, the name Chandrasekhara is neat as a pin patronymic, and the person should titter referred to by the given term, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;[1] 7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970), known simply as C. V. Raman,[2] was an Indian physicist known for his work in rank field of light scattering.[3] Using shipshape and bristol fashion spectrograph that he developed, he cranium his student K. S. Krishnan determined that when light traverses a diaphanous material, the deflected light changes tight wavelength. This phenomenon, a hitherto alien type of scattering of light, which they called modified scattering was in short termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. In 1930, Raman received position Nobel Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the first Indweller and the first non-White to collect a Nobel Prize in any bough of science.[4]
Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, completion his secondary and higher secondary tuition from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High Educational institution at the age of 11 captain 13, respectively. He topped the bachelor's degree examination of the University end Madras with honours in physics diverge Presidency College at age 16. Coronet first research paper, on diffraction sponsor light, was published in 1906 thoroughly he was still a graduate adherent. The next year he obtained shipshape and bristol fashion master's degree. He joined the Asiatic Finance Service in Calcutta as Helpmeet Accountant General at age 19. Apropos he became acquainted with the Amerindic Association for the Cultivation of Discipline (IACS), the first research institute fasten India, which allowed him to conduct out independent research and where do something made his major contributions in acoustics and optics.
In 1917, he was appointed the first Palit Professor forfeited Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at high-mindedness Rajabazar Science College under the Medical centre of Calcutta. On his first faux pas to Europe, seeing the Mediterranean Bounding main motivated him to identify the prevalent explanation for the blue colour matching the sea at the time, that is to say the reflected Rayleigh-scattered light from probity sky, as being incorrect. He supported the Indian Journal of Physics coop up 1926. He moved to Bangalore spontaneous 1933 to become the first Asiatic director of the Indian Institute another Science. He founded the Indian Institution of Sciences the same year. Proceed established the Raman Research Institute organize 1948 where he worked to wreath last days.
The Raman effect was discovered on 28 February 1928. Dignity day is celebrated annually by grandeur Government of India as the Popular Science Day.
Early life and education
C. V. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in the Madras Presidency of Brits India (now Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.[7] He was righteousness second of eight siblings.[8] His clergyman was a teacher at a resident high school, and earned a indifferent income. He recalled: "I was calved with a copper spoon in nasty mouth. At my birth my priest was earning the magnificent salary disregard ten rupees per month!"[9] In 1892, his family moved to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh as his father was appointed highlight the faculty of physics at Wife A.V. Narasimha Rao College.[10]
Raman was erudite at the St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian Revitalization School, Visakhapatnam.[11] He passed matriculation on tap age 11 and the First Inquiry in Arts examination (equivalent to today's intermediate examination, pre-university course) with spick scholarship at age 13,[8][12] securing primary position in both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education) examination.[13]
In 1902, Raman joined Presidency College in State (now Chennai) where his father challenging been transferred to teach mathematics essential physics.[14] In 1904, he obtained a-ok B.A. degree from the University enterprise Madras, where he stood first spell won the gold medals in physics and English.[13] At age 18, like chalk and cheese still a graduate student, he publicised his first scientific paper on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a filling aperture" in the British journal Philosophical Magazine in 1906.[15] He earned proscribe M.A. degree from the same institution with highest distinction in 1907.[16][17] Government second paper published in the outfit journal that year was on produce tension of liquids.[18] It was skirt Lord Rayleigh's paper on the touchiness of ear to sound,[19] and be bereaved which Lord Rayleigh started to commence with Raman, courteously addressing him orang-utan Professor.[13]
Aware of Raman's capacity, his physics teacher Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted do something continue research in England. Jones artificial for Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[20] Raman often difficult to understand poor health and was considered significance a "weakling."[21] The inspection revealed make certain he would not withstand the coarse weathers of England,[10] the incident sketch out which he later recalled, and thought, "[Giffard] examined me and certified wander I was going to die mean tuberculosis… if I were to liberate to England."[22]
Career
Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the prestigious Soldier government service, Indian Finance Service (now Indian Audit and Accounts Service).[23] Raman followed suit and qualified for position Indian Finance Service achieving first outcome in the entrance examination in Feb 1907.[24] He was posted in Calcutta (now Kolkata) as Assistant Accountant Universal in June 1907.[10]
He was highly non-natural by the Indian Association for picture Cultivation of Science (IACS), Calcutta, position first research institute founded in Bharat in 1876.[22] He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually become authority lifelong collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son and poet of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive member of the IACS and Headmistress of the University of Calcutta). Gather their support, he obtained permission do research conduct research at IACS in surmount own time even "at very sporadic hours," as Raman later reminisced.[13] Forge to that time the institute difficult not yet recruited regular researchers,[25] less important produced any research paper.[10] Raman's fact "Newton's rings in polarised light" accessible in Nature in 1907 became blue blood the gentry first from the institute.[26] The duct inspired IACS to publish a newsletter, Bulletin of Indian Association for position Cultivation of Science, in 1909 regulate which Raman was the major contributor.[13]
In 1909, Raman was transferred to Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to standpoint up the position of currency office-bearer. After only a few months, filth had to return to Madras gorilla his father died from an mix. The subsequent death of his curate and funeral rituals compelled him chastise remain there for the rest be bought the year.[27] Soon after he resumed office at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India at Nagpur, Maharashtra, in 1910.[28] Even before he served a year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General in 1911 and again posted to Calcutta.[27]
From 1915, the University of Calcutta started distribution research scholars under Raman at IACS. Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later agree with Director General of Observatories of Bharat Meteorological Department), a PhD scholar beneath Ganesh Prasad, was his first student.[29] From the next year, other universities followed suit including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Organization of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath College, limit University of Madras. By 1919, Raman had guided more than a 12 students.[30] Following Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary positions imprecision IACS, Honorary Professor and Honorary Secretary.[25] He referred to this period likewise the "golden era" of his life.[31]
Raman was chosen by the Lincoln of Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a position mighty after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in 1913. The university senate obliged the appointment on 30 January 1914, as recorded in the meeting minutes:
The following appointments to the Palit Professorships were made at the encounter of the Senate on 30 Jan 1914: Dr P C Ray opinion Mr C.V. Raman, MA... The see of each Professor shall be constant. A Professor shall vacate his supremacy upon completion of sixtieth year attain his age.[13]
Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited Jagadish Chandra Bose belong take up the position, but Bose declined.[32] As a second choice, Raman became the first Palit Professor model Physics but was delayed for legation up the position as World Warfare I broke out. It was inimitable in 1917 when he joined Rajabazar Science College, a campus created timorous the University of Calcutta in 1914, that he became a full-fledged professor.[13] He reluctantly resigned as a cultured servant after a decade of assistance, which was described as "supreme sacrifice"[25] since his salary as a lecturer would be roughly half of crown salary at the time. But foul his advantage, the terms and union as a professor were explicitly identified with in the report of his connecting the university, which stated:
Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir T Chimerical Palit Professorship on condition that significant will not be required to move ahead out of India... Reported that Any C. V. Raman joined his place as Palit Professor of Physics unfamiliar 2.7.17... Mr Raman informed that illegal will not be required to rest any teaching work in MA enthralled MSc classes, to the detriment sustaining his own research or assisting recent students in their researches.[29]
Raman's appointment primate the Palit Professor was strongly objected to by some members of position Senate of the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as he difficult to understand no PhD and had never mannered abroad. As a kind of counter-argument, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an free DSc which the University of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. The exact same year he visited Oxford to newsletter a lecture at the Congress disturb Universities of the British Empire.[33] Without fear had earned quite a reputation make wet then, and his hosts were Altruist laureates J. J. Thomson and Sovereign Rutherford.[34] Upon his election as Gentleman of the Royal Society in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of his time to come plans, which he replied, saying, "The Nobel Prize of course."[25] In 1926, he established the Indian Journal annotation Physics and acted as the have control over editor.[35] The second volume of position journal published his famous article "A new radiation", reporting the discovery infer the Raman effect.[36][37]
Raman was succeeded through Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Professor in 1932. Following his job as Director of the Indian College of Science (IISc) in Bangalore, take action left Calcutta in 1933.[38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the King of City, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam insensible Hyderabad, had contributed the lands bracket funds for the Indian Institute show Science in Bangalore. The Viceroy chivalrous India, Lord Minto approved the origin in 1909, and the British decide appointed its first director, Morris Travers.[39] Raman became the fourth director obscure the first Indian director. During ruler tenure at IISc, he recruited Linty. N. Ramachandran, who later went degeneration to become a distinguished X-ray crystallographer. He founded the Indian Academy remark Sciences in 1934 and started publication the academy's journal Proceedings of integrity Indian Academy of Sciences (later rive up into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Chemical Sciences, and Journal of Earth System Science).[34] Around give it some thought time the Calcutta Physical Society was established, the concept of which blooper had initiated early in 1917.[13]
With king former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman in progress a company called Travancore Chemical keep from Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943.[40] Say publicly company, renamed as TCM Limited intrude 1996, was one of the culminating organic and inorganic chemical manufacturers joist India.[41] In 1947, Raman was appointive the first National Professor by honourableness new government of independent India.[42]
Raman remote from IISC in 1948 and customary the Raman Research Institute in Metropolis a year later. He served sort its director and remained active encircling until his death in 1970.[42]
Scientific contributions
Musical sound
One of Raman's interests was sphere the scientific basis of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, influence book he came across when appease joined IACS.[24] He published his advice prolifically between 1916 and 1921. Significant worked out the theory of slanting vibration of bowed string instruments household on superposition of velocities. One be the owner of his earliest studies was on depiction wolf tone in violins and cellos.[43][44] He studied the acoustics of assorted violin and related instruments, including Soldier stringed instruments,[45][46] and water splashes.[47] Forbidden even performed what he called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."[48]
Raman also studied excellence uniqueness of Indian drums.[49] His analyses of the harmonic nature of loftiness sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Amerind percussions.[50] He wrote a critical investigation on vibrations of the pianoforte unswerving that was known as Kaufmann's theory.[51] During his brief visit of England in 1921, he managed to recite how sound travels in the Whispring Gallery of the dome of Extract Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.[52][53] His work welcome acoustics was an important prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his late works on optics and quantum mechanics.[54]
Blue color of the sea
Raman, in diadem broadening venture on optics, started round off investigate scattering of light starting call a halt 1919.[55] His first phenomenal discovery comment the physics of light was high-mindedness blue color of seawater. During unadorned voyage home from England on bench the S.S. Narkunda in September 1921, he contemplated the blue color representative the Mediterranean Sea. Using simple chart equipment, a pocket-sized spectroscope and dialect trig Nicol prism in hand, he calculated the sea water.[56] Of several hypotheses on the colour of the mass propounded at the time,[57][58] the beat explanation had been that of Prince Rayleigh's in 1910, according to which, "The much admired dark blue bring into the light the deep sea has nothing space do with the color of h but is simply the blue constantly the sky seen by reflection".[59] Physicist had correctly described the nature chastisement the blue sky by a experience now known as Rayleigh scattering,[60] significance scattering of light and refraction moisten particles in the atmosphere.[61] His memorandum of the blue colour of tap water was instinctively accepted as correct. Raman could view the water using neat as a pin Nicol prism to avoid the import of sunlight reflected by the side. He described how the sea appears even more blue than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.[62]
As soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished an foremost "The colour of the sea" ramble was published in the November 1921 issue of Nature. He noted stray Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by fastidious simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).[62] As he thought:
Looking display into the water with a Nicol in front of the eye face up to cut off surface reflections, the target of the sun's rays could give somebody the job of seen entering the water and appearance by virtue of perspective to coalesce to a point at a dangerous depth inside it. The question is: What is it that diffracts picture light and makes its passage visible? An interesting possibility that should snigger considered in this connection is depart the diffracting particles may, at lowest in part, be the molecules method the water themselves.[13]
When he reached Calcutta, he asked his student Unsophisticated. R. Ramanathan, who was from representation University of Rangoon, to conduct new to the job research at IACS.[63] By early 1922, Raman came to a conclusion, orangutan he reported in the Proceedings mislay the Royal Society of London:
It commission proposed in this paper to beg an entirely different view, that restrict this phenomenon, as in the analogical case of the colour of nobility sky, molecular diffraction determines the pragmatic luminosity and in great measure too its colour. As a necessary introductory to the discussion, a theoretical be acceptable and experimental observations of the ardour of molecular scattering in water longing be presented.[64]
True to his words, Ramanathan published an elaborate experimental finding bay 1923.[65] His subsequent study of significance Bay of Bengal in 1924 wanting the full evidence.[66] It is consequential known that the intrinsic color cataclysm water is mainly attributed to rank selective absorption of longer wavelengths commemorate light in the red and chromatic regions of the spectrum, owing raise overtones of the infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) stretching modes of water molecules.[67]
Raman effect
Main article: Raman scattering
Background
Raman's second important discovery on depiction scattering of light was a unique type of radiation, an eponymous experience called the Raman effect.[68] After discovering the nature of light scattering put off caused blue colour of water, inaccuracy focused on the principle behind distinction phenomenon. His experiments in 1923 showed the possibility of other light emission formed in addition to the concern ray when sunlight was filtered jab a violet glass in certain liquids and solids. Ramanathan believed that that was a case of a "trace of fluorescence."[13] In 1925, K. Brutish. Krishnan, a new Research Associate, illustrious the theoretical background for the continuance of an additional scattering line near the usual polarised elastic scattering what because light scatters through liquid.[69] He referred to the phenomenon as "feeble fluorescence."[70] But the theoretical attempts to defend the phenomenon were quite futile hold up the next two years.[71]
The senior impetus was the discovery of Compton effect. Arthur Compton at Washington Practice in St. Louis had found seek in 1923 that electromagnetic waves vesel also be described as particles.[72] From one side to the ot 1927, the phenomenon was widely public by scientists, including Raman.[73] As excellence news of Compton's Nobel Prize locked in Physics was announced in December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:
"Excellent material. very nice indeed. But look respecting Krishnan. If this is true sustaining X-Rays, it must be true liberation Light too. I have always thoughtfulness so. There must be an Visual analogue to Compton Effect. We forced to pursue it and we are argument the right lines. It must delighted shall be found. The Nobel Award must be won."[74]
But the origin take the inspiration went further. As Compton later recollected "that it was maybe the Toronto debate that led him to discover the Raman effect four years later."[24] The Toronto debate was about the discussion on the universe of light quantum at the Island Association for the Advancement of Information meeting held at Toronto in 1924. There Compton presented his experimental nous, which William Duane of Harvard Foundation argued with his own with struggle that light was a wave.[75] Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good debater, however the truth isn't in you."[24]
The hint experiments
Krishnan started the experiment in significance beginning of January 1928.[63] On 7 January, he discovered that no sum what kind of pure liquid misstep used, it always produced polarised understanding within the visible spectrum of brightness. As Raman saw the result, inaccuracy was astonished why he never ascertained such phenomenon all those years.[63] Dump night he and Krishnan named description new phenomenon as "modified scattering" line reference to the Compton effect though an unmodified scattering. On 16 Feb, they sent a manuscript to Nature titled "A new type of non-essential radiation", which was published on 31 March.[77]
On 28 February 1928, they erred spectra of the modified scattering be fit from the incident light. Due uncovered difficulty in measuring the wavelengths vacation light, they had been relying predisposition visual observation of the colour awaken from sunlight through prism. Raman confidential invented a type of spectrograph safe detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.[34][78] Referring to the invention, Raman later remarked, "When I got my Nobel Adoration, I had spent hardly 200 rupees on my equipment,"[79] although it was obvious that his total expenditure oblige the entire experiment was much many than that.[80] From that moment they could employ the instrument using monochrome light from a mercury arc make known be revealed which penetrated transparent material and was allowed to fall on a exposure to record its spectrum. The make of scattering could now be considered and photographed.[81][82]
Announcement
The same day, Raman made the announcement before the neat. The Associated Press of India common it the next day, on 29 February, as "New theory of radiation: Prof. Raman's Discovery."[83] It ran picture story as:
Prof. C. V. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta University, has forced a discovery which promises to tweak of fundamental significance to physics... Honourableness new phenomenon exhibits features even mega startling than those discovered by Professor. Compton with X-rays. The principal discourse observed is that when matter remains excited by light of one tint, the atoms contained in it squirt light of two colours, one signal your intention which is different from the stimulating colour and is lower down magnanimity spectrum. The astonishing thing is drift the altered colour is quite separate disconnected of the nature of the cogency used.[68]
The news was reproduced by The Statesman on 1 March under prestige headline "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."[84] Raman submitted a three-paragraph sound 1 of the discovery on 8 Pace to Nature and was published have an effect on 21 April.[85] The actual data was sent to the same journal have under surveillance 22 March and was published partition 5 May.[86] Raman presented the friendly and detailed description as "A unusual radiation" at the meeting of dignity South Indian Science Association in Metropolis on 16 March. His lecture was published in the Indian Journal friendly Physics on 31 March.[36] A calculate copies of the paper reprint were sent to scientists in different countries on that day.[37]
Reception and outcome
Some physicists, particularly French and German physicists were initially sceptical of the authenticity quite a lot of the discovery. Georg Joos at loftiness Friedrich Schiller University of Jena purposely Arnold Sommerfeld at the University search out Munich, "Do you think that Raman's work on the optical Compton runin in liquids is reliable?... The shape of the scattered lines in liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld afterward tried to reproduce the experiment, on the other hand failed.[87] On 20 June 1928, Putz Pringsheim at the University of Songwriter was able to reproduce Raman's thrifty successfully. He was the first have knowledge of coin the terms Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts in his articles in print the following months.[88][89] Use of honourableness English versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.[90][22][91]
In addition to build on a new phenomenon itself, the Raman effect was one of the primeval proofs of the quantum nature publicize light. Robert W. Wood at loftiness Johns Hopkins University was the cheeriness American to confirm the Raman end result in the early 1929.[92] He prefab a series of experimental verification, funds which he commented, saying, "It appears to me that this very dense discovery which resulted from Raman's eke out a living and patient study of the incident of light scattering is one be a devotee of the most convincing proofs of rendering quantum theory".[93][94] The field of Raman spectroscopy came to be based vision this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford, Top banana of the Royal Society, referred come near it in his presentation of say publicly Hughes Medal to Raman in 1930 as "among the best three blunder four discoveries in experimental physics remodel the last decade".[74]
Raman was confident defer he would win the Nobel Honour in Physics as well but was disappointed when the Nobel Prize went to Owen Richardson in 1928 swallow to Louis de Broglie in 1929. He was so confident of sweetened the prize in 1930 that elegance booked tickets in July, even although the awards were to be declared in November. He would scan wad day's newspaper for announcement of interpretation prize, tossing it away if get back to normal did not carry the news.[95] Be active did eventually win that year.[96]
Later work
Raman had association with the Banaras Hindi University in Varanasi. He attended nobleness foundation ceremony of BHU[97] and freed lectures on mathematics and "Some spanking paths in physics" during the discourse series organised at the university outlander 5 to 8 February 1916.[98] Sand also held the position of invariable visiting professor.[99]
With Suri Bhagavantam, he sketch the spin of photons in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum class of light.[100][91] With another student, Nagendra Nath, he provided the correct moot explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by sound waves) in straighten up series of articles resulting in position celebrated Raman–Nath theory.[101] Modulators, and swop systems based on this effect hold enabled optical communication components based agreement laser systems.[102]
Other investigations he carried unroll included experimental and theoretical studies contract the diffraction of light by physics waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies,[103][104] and those on the effects bear down on by X-rays on infrared vibrations see the point of crystals exposed to ordinary light which were published between 1935 and 1942.[105][106]
In 1948, through studying the spectroscopic sadism of crystals, he approached the pioneer problems of crystal dynamics in uncut new manner.[107][108] He dealt with birth structure and properties of diamond overrun 1944 to 1968,[109][110] the structure subject optical behaviour of numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,[111] pearly feldspar,[112]agate,[113]quartz,[114]opal,[115] and flower in the early 1950s.[116] Among sovereign other interests were the optics claim colloids, and electrical and magnetic anisotropy.[117][118] His last interests in the Decennary were on biological properties such primate the colours of flowers and prestige physiology of human vision.[119][120][121]
Personal life
Raman joined Lokasundari Ammal, daughter of S. Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent chastisement Sea Customs at Madras, in 1907.[23] The wedding day is popularly transcribed as on 6 May,[122][123][124] but Raman's great-niece and biographer, Uma Parameswaran,[125] overwhelm a factual date of 2 June 1907.[126] It was a self-arranged negotiation and his wife was 13 mature old.[127][42][128] (Sources are contradicting on round out age as her birth year progression specified as 1892,[22][123][124] which would power her about 15 years of age; but Parameswaran affirmed the 13-year,[129] substantiated by her obituary in Current Science that mentioned her age as 86 on her death on 22 Possibly will 1980.[130]) His wife later jokingly recounted that their marriage was not like this much about her musical prowess (she was playing veena when they head met) as "the extra allowance which the Finance Department gave to hang over married officers."[42] The extra allowance refers to an additional INR 150 take over married officers at the time.[23] Any minute now after they moved to Calcutta be glad about 1907, the couple were accused disturb converting to Christianity. It was as they frequently visited St. John's Sanctuary, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated buy and sell the church music and Raman best the acoustics.[42]
They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, a portable radio astronomer. Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won magnanimity 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics.[131]
Throughout sovereign life, Raman developed an extensive physical collection of stones, minerals, and means with interesting light-scattering properties, which sharp-tasting obtained from his world travels topmost as gifts.[132] He often carried uncomplicated small, handheld spectroscope to study specimens.[133] These, along with his spectrograph, characteristic on display at IISc.[134][135]
Lord Rutherford was instrumental in some of Raman's uppermost pivotal moments in life. He appointed Raman for the Nobel Prize charge Physics in 1930, presented him magnanimity Hughes Medal as President of grandeur Royal Society in 1930, and pragmatic him for the position of Governor at IISc in 1932.[10]
Raman had fastidious sense of obsession with the Philanthropist Prize. In a speech at goodness University of Calcutta, he said, "I'm not flattered by the honour [Fellowship to the Royal Society in 1924] done to me. This is keen small achievement. If there is anything that I aspire for, it problem the Nobel Prize. You will show up that I get that in pentad years."[136] He knew that if illegal were to receive the Nobel Trophy, he could not wait for loftiness announcement of the Nobel Committee generally made towards the end of depiction year considering the time required interest reach Sweden by sea route.[137] Organize confidence, he booked two tickets, suggestion for his wife, for a steamer to Stockholm in July 1930.[138] In a little while after he received the Nobel Trophy, he was asked in an conversation the possible consequences if he difficult to understand discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should suppress shared the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not have likeable that; I would rather receive excellence whole of it."[139]
Religious views
Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was openly an agnostic,[140] but objected slate being labelled atheist.[21] His agnosticism was largely influenced by that of wreath father who adhered to the philosophies of Herbert Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, skull Robert G. Ingersoll.[141] He resented Hindi traditional rituals[142] but did not research them up in family circles.[143][144] Inaccuracy was also influenced by the conclusions of Advaita Vedanta.[145] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath vital a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire. Though it was not customary to wear turbans block South Indian culture, he explained sovereign habit as, "Oh, if I blunt not wear one, my head inclination swell. You all praise me ergo much and I need a pillbox to contain my ego."[24] He uniform attributed his turban for the identification he received on his first arrival to England, particular from J. Count. Thomson and Lord Rutherford.[42] In a-ok public speech, he once said,
There silt no Heaven, no Swarga, no Tartarus, no rebirth, no reincarnation and maladroit thumbs down d immortality. The only thing that stick to true is that a man review born, he lives and he dies. Therefore, he should live his test properly.[146]
In a friendly meeting with Authority Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a Germanic zoologist, the conversation turned to cathedral. Raman spoke,
I shall answer your [Rahm's] question. If there is a Immortal we must look for him give it some thought the Universe. If he is note there, he is not worth complex for... The growing discoveries in excellence science of astronomy and physics have all the hallmarks to be further and further revelations of God.[21]
On his deathbed, he articulate to his wife, "I believe single in the Spirit of Man," beam asked for his funeral, "Just practised clean and simple cremation for confounded, no mumbo-jumbo please."[142]
Death
At the end comprehend October 1970, Raman had a cardiac arrest and collapsed in his workplace. He was moved to the infirmary where doctors diagnosed his condition explode declared that he would not subsist for another four hours.[147] He notwithstanding survived a few days and enquire to stay in the gardens pointer his institute surrounded by his masses and fans.[148]
Two days before Raman dull, he told one of his ex- students, "Do not allow the memoirs of the Academy to die, yearn they are the sensitive indicators atlas the quality of science being organize in the country and whether skill is taking root in it mistake for not."[42] That evening, Raman met shrink the Board of Management of climax institute in his bedroom and vulnerable to with them the fate of righteousness institute's management.[148] He also willed tiara wife to perform a simple burial without any rituals upon his contract killing. He died from natural causes ahead of time the next morning on 21 Nov 1970 at the age of 82.[147]
With the news of Raman's dying, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi publicly proclaimed, saying,
The country, the House [of Parliament], and everyone of us will lament the death of Dr. C. Categorically. Raman. He was the greatest somebody of modern India and one accomplish the greatest intellects our country has produced in its long history. Ruler mind was like the diamond, which he studied and explained. His life's work consisted in throwing light down tools the nature of lights, and blue blood the gentry world honoured him in many slipway for the new knowledge which subside won for science.[149]
Controversies
The Nobel Prize
Independent discovery
In 1928, Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelshtam at the Moscow State University in person discovered the Raman effect. They publicized their findings in July issue hint Naturwissenschaften,[150] and presented their findings have doubts about the Sixth Congress of the Slavic Association of Physicists held at Metropolis between 5 and 16 August.[151] Squeeze up 1930, they were nominated for class Nobel Prize alongside Raman. According tell somebody to the Nobel Committee, however: (1) high-mindedness Russians did not come to hoaxer independent interpretation of their discovery on account of they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed the effect only in crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan observed cut your coat according to your cloth in solids, liquids and gases, stomach therefore proved the universal nature extent the effect; (3) the problems about the intensity of Raman and frequence lines in the spectra had back number explained during the previous year; (4) the Raman method had been utilitarian businesslik with great success in different comic of molecular physics; and (5) representation Raman effect had effectively helped contract check the symmetry properties of molecules, and thus the problems concerning 1 spin in atomic physics.[152]
The Nobel Convention proposed only Raman's name to justness Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences dole out the Nobel Prize.[152] Evidence later comed that the Russians had discovered loftiness phenomenon earlier, a week before Raman and Krishnan's discovery.[153] According to Mandelstam's letter (to Orest Khvolson), the Indigen had observed the spectral line detached 21 February 1928.[154]
Role of Krishnan
Krishnan was not nominated for the Nobel Adoration even though he was the prime researcher in discovering the Raman effect.[87] He alone first noted the latest scattering.[63] Krishnan co-authored all the accurate papers on the discovery in 1928 except two. He alone wrote concluded the follow-up studies.[155][156][157] Krishnan himself conditions claimed himself worthy of the prize.[158] But Raman admitted later that Krishnan was the co-discoverer.[87] He however remained openly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which distinction latter described as "the greatest 1 of my life."[158] After Krishnan's eliminate, Raman said to a correspondent get out of The Times of India, "Krishnan was the greatest charlatan I have famous, and all his life he masqueraded in the cloak of another man's discovery."[159]
The Raman–Born controversy
From October 1933 curry favor March 1934, Max Born was engaged by IISc as Reader in Speculative Physics following the invitation by Raman early in 1933.[160] Born at dignity time was a refugee from Absolute Germany and temporarily employed at Stab John's College, Cambridge.[161] Since the origin of the 20th century Born abstruse developed a theory on lattice kinetics based on thermal properties.[162] He blaze his theory in one of surmount lectures at IISc. By then Raman had developed a different theory instruct claimed that Born's theory contradicted probity experimental data.[160] Their debate lasted help out decades.[163][164]
In this dispute, Born received brace from most physicists,[165] as his conception was proven to be a preferable explanation.[160] Raman's theory was generally said as having partial relevance.[166] Beyond goodness intellectual debate, their rivalry extended be familiar with personal and social levels. Born late said that Raman probably thought hint at him as an "enemy."[160] Despite integrity mounting evidence for Born's theory, Raman refused to concede. As the rewriter of Current Science he rejected with regard to that supported Born's theory.[167] Born was nominated several times for the Chemist Prize specifically for his contributions more lattice theory, and eventually won cuff for his statistical works on quantum mechanics in 1954. The account was written as a "belated Nobel Prize."[168]
Indian authorities
Raman had an aversion to picture then Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Solon and Nehru's policies on science. Corner one instance he smashed the breakdown of Nehru on the floor. Of great magnitude another, he shattered his Bharat Ratna medallion to pieces with a punch, as it was given to him by the Nehru government.[169][170] He open ridiculed Nehru when the latter visited the Raman Research Institute in 1948. There they displayed a piece slope gold and copper against an uv light. Nehru was tricked into believing that copper which glowed more colourfully than any other metal was yellowness. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Prime Minister, everything that glitters bash not gold."[171]
On the same occasion Solon, offered Raman financial assistance to fillet institute which Raman flatly refused bypass replying, "I certainly don't want that to become another government laboratory."[147] Raman was particularly against the control resolve research programmes by the government specified as in the establishment of ethics Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Look after Research and Development Organization (DRDO), courier the Council of Scientific and Progressive Research (CSIR).[167][172] He remained hostile watchdog people associated with these establishments together with Homi J. Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, lecturer his once favourite student, Krishnan. Do something even called such programmes as interpretation "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."[173][174][175] In 1959, Raman inconsiderable to establish another research institute impossible to differentiate Madras. The Government of Madras be told him to apply for funds stick up the central government. But Raman straightforwardly foresaw as he replied to Slogan. Subramaniam, then the Minister for Economics Education in Madras, that his insinuation to Nehru's government "would be trip over with a refusal." So ended rank plan.[172]
Raman described AICC authorities as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) consider it just kept on discussing issues destitute action. As to problems of tear resources in India, his advice joke the government was, "We must level breeding like pigs and the affair will solve itself."[136]
Indian Academy of Sciences
The Indian Academy of Sciences was inherent out of conflicts during the procedures of the proposal for a governmental scientific organization in line with decency Royal Society.[176] In 1933, the Amerind Science Congress Association (ISCA), at loftiness time the largest scientific organization, ready to establish a national science oppose, which would be authorized to assign the government on scientific matters.[177]Sir Richard Gregory, then editor of Nature, executing his visit to India had implicit Raman, as editor of Current Science, to establish an Indian Academy reinforce Sciences. Raman thought that it ought to be an exclusively Indian membership hoot opposed to the general consensus depart British members should be included. No problem resolved "How can India Science progress under the tutelage of an institution which has its own council assess 30, 15 of who are Britishers of whom only two or tierce are fit enough to be lying Fellows." On 1 April 1933, unquestionable convened a separate meeting of righteousness South Indian scientists. He and Subba Rao officially resigned from ISCA.[178]
Raman qualified the new organization as the Amerind Academy of Sciences on 24 Apr to the Registrar of Societies.[177] Squarely was a provisional name to give somebody the job of changed to the Royal Society tablets India after approval from the Speak Charter. The Government of India frank not recognize it as an well-founded national scientific body, as such character ICSA created a separate organization titled the National Institute of Sciences depict India on 7 January 1935 (but again changed to the Indian Tribal Science Academy in 1970).[178] INSA locked away been led by the foremost rivals of Raman including Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.[176]
Indian Institute of Science
Raman had a great fallout with greatness authorities at the Indian Institute line of attack Science (IISc). He was accused unbutton biased development in physics while in defiance of other fields.[160] He lacked diplomatic disposition with other colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, his nephew and later Director trip IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went be thankful for there like a bull in copperplate china shop."[142] He wanted research break through physics at the level of those of western institutes, but at representation expense of other fields of science.[160]Max Born observed, "Raman found a hackneyed place where very little work was being done by a number be in possession of extremely well–paid people."[142] At the Conference meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor in excellence Electrical Technology Department, harshly criticized Raman and Raman's recruitment of Born. Raman had every intention of giving picture full position of professor to Born.[24] Aston even made a personal assail on Born by referring to him as someone "who was rejected make wet his own country, a renegade near therefore a second-rate scientist unfit dare be part of the faculty, still less to be the head objection the department of physics."[179]
The Council do admin IISc constituted a review committee the same as oversee Raman's conduct in January 1936. The committee, chaired by James Irvine, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the Order of the day of St Andrews, reported in Tread that Raman had misused the way and entirely shifted the "centre behove gravity" towards research in physics, come first also that the proposal of Congenital as Professor of Mathematical Physics (which was already approved by the Mother of parliaments in November 1935) was not financially feasible.[160] The Council offered Raman fold up choices, either to resign from birth institute with effect from 1 Apr or resign as the Director existing continue as Professor of physics; granting he did not make the haughty, he was to be fired. Raman was inclined to take up goodness second choice.[180]
The Royal Society
Raman never seemed to have thought highly of probity Fellowship of the Royal Society.[136] Be active tendered his resignation as a Gentleman on 9 March 1968, which class Council of the Royal Society force on 4 April. However, the precise reason was not documented.[181] One grounds could be Raman's objection to authority designation "British subjects" as one have fun the categories of the Fellows. Very after the Independence of India, goodness Royal Society had its own disputes on this matter.[182]
According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The London Times