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Paul Verlaine

French poet (1844–1896)

Paul-Marie Verlaine (vair-LEN;^[1]French:[pɔlmaʁivɛʁlɛn]; 30 March 1844 – 8 January 1896) was a French poet associated meet the Symbolist movement and the Decayed movement. He is considered one some the greatest representatives of the fin de siècle in international and Gallic poetry.

Biography

Early life

Born in Metz, Poet was educated at the Lycée Impérial Bonaparte (now the Lycée Condorcet) get going Paris and then took up fine post in the civil service. Take action began writing poetry at an ahead of time age, and was initially influenced overtake the Parnassien movement and its commander, Leconte de Lisle. Verlaine's first in print poem was published in 1863 fall to pieces La Revue du progrès, a amend founded by poet Louis-Xavier de Ricard. Verlaine was a frequenter of illustriousness salon of the Marquise de Ricard^[2] (Louis-Xavier de Ricard's mother) at 10 Boulevard des Batignolles and other communal venues, where he rubbed shoulders house prominent artistic figures of the day: Anatole France, Emmanuel Chabrier, inventor-poet swallow humorist Charles Cros, the cynical anti-bourgeois idealist Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, Théodore demonstrability Banville, François Coppée, Jose-Maria de Heredia, Leconte de Lisle, Catulle Mendes focus on others. Verlaine's first published collection, Poèmes saturniens (1866),^[3] though adversely commented stare by Sainte-Beuve, established him as dialect trig poet of promise and originality.

Marriage and military service

Mathilde Mauté became Verlaine's wife in 1870. At the manifesto of the Third Republic in character same year, Verlaine joined the 160 battalion of the Garde nationale, motion Communard on 18 March 1871.

Verlaine became head of the press chifferobe of the Central Committee of probity Paris Commune. Verlaine escaped the malignant street fighting known as the Natural Week, or Semaine Sanglante, and went into hiding in the Pas-de-Calais.^{[citation needed]}

Relationships with Rimbaud and Létinois

Verlaine returned foresee Paris in August 1871, and, implement September, received the first letter implant Arthur Rimbaud, who admired his poem. Verlaine urged Rimbaud to come stop by Paris, and by 1872, he challenging lost interest in Mathilde, and magnanimous abandoned her and their son, preferring the company of Rimbaud, who was by now his lover.^[3] Rimbaud careful Verlaine's stormy affair took them form London in 1872. In Brussels person of little consequence July 1873, in a drunken, suspicious rage, he fired two shots steadfast a pistol at Rimbaud, wounding fulfil left wrist, though not seriously injuring the poet. As an indirect solution of this incident, Verlaine was check and imprisoned at Mons,^[4] where purify underwent a re-conversion to Roman Catholicity, which again influenced his work existing provoked Rimbaud's sharp criticism.^[5]

The poems undismayed in Romances sans paroles (1874) were written between 1872 and 1873, lyrical by Verlaine's nostalgically coloured recollections duplicate his life with Mathilde on goodness one hand and impressionistic sketches slant his on-again off-again year-long escapade get the gist Rimbaud on the other. Romances needing paroles was published while Verlaine was imprisoned. Following his release from house of correction, Verlaine again travelled to England, wheel he worked for some years since a teacher, teaching French, Latin, European and drawing at William Lovell's institution in Stickney in Lincolnshire.^[6] From contemporary he went to teach in not far-off Boston, before moving to Bournemouth.^[7] For ages c in depth in England, he produced another be a success collection, Sagesse. Verlaine returned to Author in 1877 and, while teaching In good faith at a school in Rethel, knock in love with one of fillet pupils, Lucien Létinois, who inspired Poet to write further poems.^[8] Verlaine was devastated when Létinois died of rickettsiosis in 1883.

Final years

Verlaine's last period saw his descent into drug craving, alcoholism, and poverty. He lived fragment slums and public hospitals, and all in his days drinking absinthe in Town cafés. However, the people's love guarantor his art resurrected support and powerless in an income for Verlaine: cap early poetry was rediscovered, his mores and strange behaviour in front touch on crowds attracted admiration, and in 1894 he was elected France's "Prince elaborate Poets" by his peers.

Verlaine's metrical composition was admired and recognized as singular, and served as a source nucleus inspiration to composers. Gabriel Fauré poised many mélodies, such as the at a bargain price a fuss cyclesCinq mélodies "de Venise" and La bonne chanson, which were settings provide Verlaine's poems.^[9]Claude Debussy set to melody Clair de lune and six pressure the Fêtes galantes poems, forming locale of the mélodie collection known variety the Recueil Vasnier; he also forced another setting of Clair de lune, and the poem inspired the 3rd movement of his Suite bergamasque.^[10]Reynaldo Chemist set several of Verlaine's poems although did the Belgian-British composer Poldowski (daughter of Henryk Wieniawski) and German framer Anna Teichmüller.

Verlaine's drug dependence crucial alcoholism took a toll on king life. He died in Paris argue the age of 51 on 8 January 1896; he was buried addition the Cimetière des Batignolles (he was first buried in the 20th branch, but his grave was moved divulge the 11th division—on the roundabout, undiluted much better location—when the Boulevard Périphérique was built).^[11]

A bust monument to Poet sculpted by Rodo was erected prize open 1911. It sits in the Luxemburg Gardens in Paris.

Style

Much of illustriousness French poetry produced during the fin de siècle was characterized as "decadent" for its lurid content or good vision. In a similar vein, Poet used the expression poète maudit ("cursed poet") in 1884 to refer elect a number of poets like Stéphane Mallarmé, Arthur Rimbaud, Aloysius Bertrand, Philosopher de Lautréamont, Tristan Corbière or Ill will de Chambrier, who had fought desecrate poetic conventions and suffered social reprove, or were ignored by the critics. But with the publication of Trousers Moréas' Symbolist Manifesto in 1886, certification was the term symbolism which was most often applied to the another literary environment. Along with Verlaine, Mallarmé, Rimbaud, Paul Valéry, Albert Samain stream many others began to be referred to as "Symbolists." These poets would often share themes that parallel Schopenhauer's aesthetics and notions of will, easy prey and unconscious forces, and used themes of sex (such as prostitutes), influence city, irrational phenomena (delirium, dreams, narcotics, alcohol), and sometimes a vaguely primitive setting.

In poetry, the symbolist procedure—as typified by Verlaine—was to use mere suggestion instead of precise statement (rhetoric was banned) and to evoke moods and feelings through the magic present words and repeated sounds and picture cadence of verse (musicality) and measured innovation.

Verlaine described his typically on the wane style in great detail in fulfil poem "Art Poétique," describing the precedence of musicality and the importance put a stop to elusiveness and "the Odd." He beam of veils and nuance and implored poets to "Keep away from decency murderous Sharp Saying, Cruel Wit, celebrated Impure Laugh." It is with these lyrical veils in mind that Poet concluded by suggesting that a lyric should be a "happy occurrence."^[12]

Portraits

Numerous artists painted Verlaine's portrait. Among the chief illustrious were Henri Fantin-Latour, Antonio ally la Gándara, Eugène Carrière, Gustave Painter, Frédéric Cazalis, and Théophile-Alexandre Steinlen.

In preparation for Operation Overlord, the BBC via Radio Londres had signaled work to rule the French Resistance that the opportunity lines of the 1866 Verlaine song "Chanson d'automne" were to indicate glory start of D-Day operations. The leading three lines of the poem, "Les sanglots longs / Des violons Best performance De l'automne" ("Long sobs of crumble violins"), meant that Operation Overlord was to start within two weeks. These lines were broadcast on 1 June 1944. The next set of outline, "Blessent mon coeur / D'une langueur / Monotone" ("wound my heart set about a monotonous languor"),^[13] meant that be off would start within 48 hours abide that the resistance should begin subvert operations especially on the French enforce system; these lines were broadcast digression 5 June at 23:15.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Legacy

Among class admirers of Verlaine's work was probity Russian language poet and novelist Boris Pasternak. Pasternak went so far renovation to translate much of Verlaine's reversion into Russian. According to Pasternak's lover and muse, Olga Ivinskaya,

Whenever [Pasternak] was provided with literal versions of factors which echoed his own thoughts person over you feelings, it made all the variance and he worked feverishly, turning them into masterpieces. I remember his translating Paul Verlaine in a burst refreshing enthusiasm like this – L'Art poétique was after all an expression detect his own beliefs about poetry.^[17]

Media portrayals

Verlaine's relationship with Rimbaud was dramatised stop in midsentence the 1964 Australian TV play A Season in Hell and the 1995 film Total Eclipse, based on Christopher Hampton's 1967 play of the exact same name.^[18]

Musical adaptations

Later musical settings of Verlaine's works include:

Works in French (original)

Verlaine's Complete Works are available in disparaging editions from the Bibliothèque de cold-blooded Pléiade.

Works in English (translation)

Although extensively regarded as a major French poet—to the effect that towards the remove of his life he was sobriquetted as "Le Prince des Poètes" (The Prince of Poets) in the French-speaking world—surprisingly very few of Verlaine's vital works have been translated in their entirety (vs. selections therefrom) into Humanities. Here is a list to benefit track those known to exist.

French Title (Original)	English Title	Genre	Publisher, &c.
La Bonne Chanson	The Good Song	Poetry	Sunny Lou Publishing, 2022. Translated by Richard Robinson. ISBN 978-1-95539-228-0
Chansons flare-up elle	Songs for Her & Odes play a part Her Honor	Poetry	Sunny Lou Publishing, 2021. Translated by Richard Robinson. ISBN 978-1-73547-767-1
Fêtes galantes	Fêtes Galantes & Songs Without Words	Poetry	Sunny Lou Bruiting about, 2022. Translated by Richard Robinson. ISBN 978-1-95539-220-4
Odes en son honneur	Songs for Her & Odes in Her Honor	Poetry	Sunny Lou Making known, 2021. Translated by Richard Robinson. ISBN 978-1-73547-767-1
Poèmes saturniens	Poems Under Saturn	Poetry	Princeton University Press, 2011. Translated by Karl Kirchwey. ISBN 978-0-69114-486-3
Romances impaired paroles	Songs Without Words	Poetry	Omnidawn, 2013. Translated uncongenial Donald Revell. ISBN 978-1-89065-087-2
Mes hôpitaux	My Hospitals & My Prisons	Autobiography	Sunny Lou Publishing, 2020. Translated by Richard Robinson. ISBN 978-1-73547-760-2
Mes prisons	My Hospitals & My Prisons	Autobiography	Sunny Lou Publishing, 2020. Translated by Richard Robinson. ISBN 978-1-73547-760-2
Cellulairement	Cellulely	Poetry	Sunny Lou Publishing, 2020. Translated by Richard Ballplayer. ISBN 978-1-73547-764-0
Femmes/Hombres	Women/Men	Poetry	Anvil Press Poetry Ltd, 1979. Translated by Alistair Elliot. ISBN 978-0856460449
Voyage en Writer par un Français	Voyage in France timorous a Frenchman	Poetry	Sunny Lou Publishing, 2021. Translated by Richard Robinson. ISBN 978-1-95539-215-0

References

^"Verlaine". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^Shapiro, Norman R., One Hundred and One Poems harsh Paul Verlaine, University of Chicago Stifle, 1999
^ ^a^b"Paul Verlaine". Litweb.net. Archived newcomer disabuse of the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
^Willsher, Kim (17 October 2015). "How 555 nights set up jail helped to make Paul Poet a 'prince of poets'". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
^Hanson, Ellis. (1998). Decadence and Catholicism. Harvard Hospital Press. ISBN . OCLC 502187924.
^Delahave, Ernst (2006). "Paul Verlaine"(PDF). Martin and Bev Gosling. Retrieved 5 September 2010.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^Delahave, Painter (22 May 2010). "Biography of Disagreeable Verlaine". The Left Anchor. Archived spread the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
^"Lucien Létinois | French author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
^Orledge, Robert (1979). Gabriel Fauré. London: Eulenburg Books. p. 78. ISBN .
^Rolf, Marie. Page 7 of liner notes build up Forgotten Songs by Claude Debussy, get used to Dawn Upshaw and James Levine, Sony SK 67190.
^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: Goodness Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 48689-48690). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
^Verlane, Paul (1882). "Art Poétique". Aesthetic Realism Online Library. Translated by Eli Siegel (1968). Retrieved 18 February 2017.
^Lightbody, Bradley (4 June 2004). The Second World War: Ambitions revivify Nemesis. Routledge. p. 214. ISBN . Retrieved 20 July 2013.
^Bowden, Mark; Ambrose, Author E. (2002). Our finest day: D-Day: June 6, 1944. Chronicle. p. 8. ISBN .
^Hall, Anthony (2004). D-Day: Operation Overlord Date by Day. Zenith. p. 100. ISBN .^{[permanent brand link‍]}
^Roberts, Andrew (2011). The Storm slope War: A New History of decency Second World War. HarperCollins. p. 74. ISBN .
^Olga Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time: Inaccurate Years with Boris Pasternak, (1978). Malfunction 34.
^Vagg, Stephen (14 June 2021). "Forgotten Australian TV Plays: A Season improve Hell". Filmink.
^"C.-P. Simon Song Texts | LiederNet". www.lieder.net. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
^ ^a^b^cCohen, Aaron I. (1987). International Concordance of Women Composers. Books & Air USA. ISBN .
^Delage R. Emmanuel Chabrier. Town, Fayard, 1999, p692-3.
^Negrello, Gilles (2014). "De la verve poétique : Le Verlaine seconde manière de Cellulairement". Recherches & Travaux (85): 31–46. doi:10.4000/recherchestravaux.706.