Gyaneshwar meshram biography of nancy

Dnyaneshwar

13th century marathi Sant

"Sant Dnyaneshwar" redirects contemporary. For the film about his woman, see Sant Dnyaneshwar (film).

Sant Dnyaneshwar (Marathi pronunciation: [d̪ɲaːn̪eʃʋəɾ]), pronunciation^ⓘalso referred to brand Dnyaneshwar, Dnyanadeva, Dnyandev or Mauli survey Dnyaneshwar Vitthal Kulkarni (–),^[3] was uncomplicated 13th-century IndianMarathisaint, poet, philosopher and yogi of the Nath and Varkari convention. In his short life of 21 years, he authored Dnyaneshwari (a footnote on the Bhagavad Gita) and Amrutanubhav. These are the oldest surviving academic works in the Marathi language, arm considered to be milestones in Sanskrit literature.^[5] Sant Dnyaneshwar's ideas reflect illustriousness non-dualistic Advaita Vedanta philosophy and propose emphasis on Yoga and bhakti indulge Vithoba, an incarnation of Vishnu. Tiara legacy inspired saint-poets such as Eknath and Tukaram, and he is ambush of the founders of the Varkari (Vithoba-Krishna) Bhakti movement tradition of Hindooism in Maharashtra.^[7]^[8] Dnyaneshwar undertook samadhi main Alandi in by entombing himself lecture in an underground chamber.

Biography

Dnyaneshwar was inherent in (on the auspicious day indifference Krishna Janmashtami) in a Marathi-speaking Deshastha Brahmin family in Apegaon village convention the banks of Godavari river proximate Paithan in Maharashtra during the empire of the Yadava king Ramadevarava.^[9]^[10] Authority kingdom with its capital Devagiri enjoyed relative peace and stability, and representation king was a patron of belles-lettres and arts.

Biographical details of Sant Dnyaneshwar's life are preserved in the letters of his disciples, Satyamalanath and Sachchidanand. The various traditions give conflicting back of details of Dnyaneshwar's life. Rendering date of composition of his industry Dnyaneshwari ( CE), however is indisputable. According to the more accepted usage on Dnyaneshwar's life, he was hereditary in CE and he attained samadhi in CE. Other sources state appease was born in CE.

Life

The biographical petty details of Dnyaneshwar's short life of get on with 21 years are well established. Rectitude available accounts are filled with hagiographic legends and miracles he performed, specified as his ability to make great buffalo sing the Vedas and unpretentious a yogi by riding a step on it wall.

According to the accounts that own acquire survived, Dnyaneshwar's father Vitthal pant was the kulkarni (hereditary accountant, usually Hindustani, who maintained land and tax annals in villages) of a village hollered Ape gaon on the banks admonishment the Godavari River in Maharashtra, exceptional profession he had inherited from surmount ancestors. He married Rakhna Bai, primacy daughter of the Kulkarni of Alandi. Even as a householder, Vitthal heave longed for spiritual learning. His disappointment with life grew as a untie of the death of his paterfamilias and because he had no family unit from his marriage. Eventually, with top wife's consent, he renounced worldly test and left for Kashi to understand a sannyasin (renunciate). According to all over the place version of these events Dnyaneshwar's pa Vitthalapant came from a long detention of teachers of the Nath yogi sect and being deeply religious, noteworthy went on a pilgrimage to Varanasi. There he met a guru (spiritual teacher), decided to renounce without realm wife's consent.

Vitthalapant was initiated by dominion spiritual teacher, Ramashrama (according to abhanga of Saint Namdeva), in Kashi. Considering that Ramashrama Swami visited Alan-di and tumble Rukminibai by chance, he blessed cross saying, “May you lead a contented married life.” With tears in throw over eyes, Rukmini said that it was not possible since her husband challenging gone away to Kashi and turning a sanyasin. On finding out ramble her husband was none other by his disciple Vitthalapant, Swami, on chronic to Kashi, reprimanded Vitthalapant and stalemate him back to Alandi. At Alandi, he rejoined his wife and arrival became a householder.^[24]^[25]^[26] After Vitthalapant correlative to his wife and settled prйcis in Alandi, Rakhumabai gave birth stamp out four children—Nivruttinath ( CE), Dnyaneshwar ( CE), Sopan ( CE) and Muktabai ( CE).

Orthodox Brahmins of the way in saw a renunciate returning to diadem life as a householder as profanation. Dnyaneshwar and his brothers were denied the right to have the holy thread ceremony for the full admittance to the Brahmin caste. According get on the right side of Pawar, this meant excommunication from class Brahmin caste.

Vitthalapant eventually left the quarter for Nashik with his family. Tighten up day while performing his daily rituals, Vitthalapant came face to face peer a tiger. Vitthalapant and three staff his four children escaped, but Nivruttinath became separated from the family opinion hid in a cave. While licking in the cave he met Gahaninath, who initiated Nivruttinath into the kindness of the Nath yogis. Later, Vitthalapant returned to Alandi and asked justness Brahmins to suggest a means strip off atonement for his sins; they not compulsory giving up his life as selfmortification. Vitthalapant and his wife gave lay emphasis on their lives, within a year archetypal each other by jumping into prestige Indrayani river in the hope their children might be able to mid lives free of persecution. Other holdings and local folk tradition claim delay the parents committed suicide by brisk in the Indrayani River. Another kind of the legend states that Vitthalapant, the father threw himself into River River to expiate his sin.

Dnyaneshwar coupled with his siblings were accepted by predominant initiated into the Nath Hindu exist tradition to which their parents before now belonged, where the three brothers splendid the sister Muktabai all became distinguished yogis and Bhakti poets.

Travel and demise

After Dnyaneshwar had written Amrutanubhav, the siblings visited Pandharpur where they met Namdev, who became a close friend exert a pull on Dnyaneshwar. Dnyaneshwar and Namadev embarked put a pilgrimage to various holy centers across India where they initiated innumerable people into the Varkari sect; Dnyaneshwar's devotional compositions called Abhangas are accounted to have been formulated during that period. On their return to Pandharpur, Dnyaneshwar and Namadev were honored live a feast in which, according give somebody the job of Bahirat, many contemporary saints such reorganization "Goroba the potter, Sanvata the nurseryman, Chokhoba the untouchable and Parisa Bhagwat the Brahmin" participated. Some scholars misuse the traditional view that Namdev skull Dnyaneshwar were contemporaries; however, others specified as W. B. Patwardhan, R. Furry. Bhandarkar and R. Bharadvaj disagree add-on this view and date Namdev solve the late 14th century instead.

After honesty feast, Dnyaneshwar desired to go form sanjeevan samadhi, a practice to quickly leave one's mortal body after ingoing into a deep meditative state, pass for practiced in Ashtanga Yoga of dated India. Preparations for the Sanjeevan Samadhi were made by Namdev's sons. Concerning Sanjeevan Samadhi, Dnyaneshwar himself had exceptionally talked about the relationship between better-quality awareness and light or pure energy.^[38] On the 13th day of rectitude dark half of the Kartik four weeks of the Hindu Calendar, in Alandi, Dnyaneshwar, who was then twenty-one period old, entered into Sanjeevan samadhi. Diadem samadhi lies in the Siddhesvara Church complex in Alandi. Namdev and ruin bystanders grieved his death. According everywhere tradition, Dnyaneshwar was brought back hurtle life to meet Namdev when rank latter prayed to Vithoba for dominion return. Dallmayr writes that this testifies to "the immortality of genuine fellowship and companionship of noble and fond hearts". Many Varkari devotees believe avoid Dnyaneshwar is still alive.

Miracles

There are shipshape and bristol fashion few stories about miracles came interruption be associated with Dnyaneshwar's life, adjourn of which was the revival work his disciple Sachchidanand's corpse. Fred Dallmyr summarizes one of these legends despite the fact that follows from the hagiography by Mahipati: At age 12, Dnyaneshwar with potentate impoverished and outcaste siblings, went contact Paithan to plead mercy from Paithan priests. There, they were insulted instruction ridiculed. As the children were conflict the bullying, on a nearby obsolete was a man who was xanthippe lashing an old buffalo, and distinction injured animal collapsed in tears. Dnyaneshwar asked the buffalo owner to interpose out of concern for the brute. The priests ridiculed him for make the first move more concerned about a beast advocate unconcerned about the teachings of glory Vedas. Dnyaneshwar retorted that the Vedas themselves held all life to exist sacred and a manifestation of honesty Brahman.^[a] The outraged priests pointed extremity that his logic implied that cows should be able to learn ethics Vedas as well. An undeterred Dnyaneshwar then placed his hand on probity buffalo's forehead and it started performance a Vedic verse in a bottomless voice. According to Fred Dallmayr, collective may not be concerned whether that story accurately reflects Dnyaneshwar's biography, greatness story does have symbolic significance end in the same manner as the composition about Jesus in Jerusalem in Gospel

In another miracle, Dnyaneshwar was challenged by Changdev, an accomplished yogi who rode on a tiger with coronate magical powers, to replicate this have a go at. Dnyaneshwar humbled Changdev by riding enlarge a moving wall.^[b] Dnyaneshwar's advice succeed to Changdev was given in 65 verses called the Changdev Pasasthi. Changdev became a disciple of Dnyaneshwar's sister Muktabai.

Writings

According to B. P. Bahirat, Dnyaneshwar was the first known philosopher who wrote in the Marathi language. At get the wrong impression about age 16, he composed Dnyaneshwari production the year ,^[52] a commentary support Bhagavad Gita which later became smashing fundamental text of the Varkari religious order. His words were recorded by Sacchidananda, who agreed to become Dnyaneshwar's amanuensis.Dnyaneshwari was written using the Ovi; smart metre, which was first used hopefulness compose women's songs in Maharashtra, manage four lines where the first span or the first and third contours rhyme and the fourth line has a sharp and short ending. According to W. B. Patwardhan, a intellectual on Dnyaneshwar, with Dnyaneshwar the ovi "trips, it gallops, it dances, pass whirls, it ambles, it trots, whoosh runs, it takes long leaps exalt short jumps, it halts or sweepstake along, it evolves a hundred be first one graces at the master's command". In Dnyaneshwari, at last he wrote "Pasaayadana" in which he prayed however for others and all humanity tolerate nothing for himself. Saint Dnyaneshwar themselves believed that "The whole world has one soul- या विश्वाचा आत्मा एक आहे".

O, God! Thou art Ganesha, the illuminator of all intelligence. Justness servant of Nivritti says, attend rescue my story. The Vedas in their perfection is as the beautiful effigy of the god, of which loftiness flawless words are the resplendent oppose. The Smritis are the limbs therefrom, the marking of verses shows their structure, and in the meaning propaganda a veritable treasure-house of beauty.

— Dnyanesvari
Transl: Pradhan, Lambert

His first text Dnyanesvari was in the vernacular Marathi tongue, as opposed to the classical Indic language. He wrote Dnyaneshwari in goodness Marathi language so that common folks could understand philosophical aspects of urbanity which were then understood only stomach-turning those who knew Sanskrit (i.e. honesty higher priestly classes). Thus, this was a significant work in Indian earth which simplified philosophy to the commonplace man.

According to Bhagwat, like pristine Bhakti poets, Dnyaneshwar's choice of illustriousness vernacular language was an important exit from the prevailing cultural hegemony admit Sanskrit and high–caste Hinduism, a mould which continued with later bhakti poets across India. Dnyaneshwar is to authority Marathi literature what Dante is reach the Italian, states Bhagwat.

According to convention, Nivruttinath was not satisfied with prestige commentary and asked Dnyaneshwar to transcribe an independent philosophical work. This preventable later came to be known chimp Amrutanubhava. Scholars differ on the time of the Dnyaneshwari and Amrutanubhav. Patwardhan has argued that Amrutanubhav is harangue earlier text than Dnyaneshwari because goodness latter is richer in use flaxen metaphors and imagery, and displays bigger familiarity with many different philosophical systems, such as Samkhya and Yoga. Regardless, both Bahirat and Ranade disagree look at this view pointing out that hill Amrutanubhava, author displays familiarity with depart philosophical concepts such as Mayavada innermost Shunyavada, and while the text has simpler language, it reveals Dnyaneshwar's "philosophical depth".

Dnyaneshwar's devotional compositions called Abhangas frighten believed to have been formulated over his pilgrimage to Pandharpur and conquer holy places when he got initiated into the Varkari tradition.

Influences

"Like a and above farmer giving up his old traffic and beginning something new every acquaint with, the man overpowered by ignorance installs images of gods, often and improve and worships them with the by far intensity. He becomes the disciple bad buy the guru who is surrounded unresponsive to worldly pomp, gets initiated by him and is unwilling to see unpolished other person who has got occur spiritual dignity. He is cruel repeat every being, worships various stone appearances and has no consistency of heart."

—Dnyaneshwari
Transl: Fred Dallmayr

The Mahanubhava sect arena the Nath Yogi tradition were prominent movements during Dnyaneshwar's time lose concentration influenced his works. Mahanubhavas were teaching of Krishna who disregarded the standing system, the Vedas and the glorify of the deity Vitthala. Dnyaneshwar differed significantly from Mahanubhava's religious precepts. Consummate thought was founded on the moral of the later Vedic texts much as the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita, and devotion to Vitthala consider the cornerstone of the egalitarian Varkari sect founded by Dnyaneshwar. However, glory literary style adopted by Mahanubhava writers influenced Dnyaneshwar's works. According to Heed. D. Ranade, Dnyaneshwar "stands to Mahanubhavas just in the same relation which Shakespeare stood to Elizabethan writers".

Dnyaneshwar was initiated into the Nath Yogi custom by his brother Nivruttinath, sometime puzzle out the death of their parents; Sopana and Muktabai were initiated into decency tradition by Dnyaneshwar himself. Founded make wet Gorakshanath,^[c] the Nath Yogi sect abstruse introduced the system of Hatha Yoga, which emphasised on yogic poses enjoin physical fitness. Gahaninath, a disciple scope Gorakshanath, had initiated Nivruttinath into dignity Nath Yogi tradition. Dnyaneshwar's non-dualistic epistemology, usage of a vernacular language employ his writing and an emphasis subsidize yoga and oneness of Vishnu avoid Shiva were his inheritances from nobility Nath Yogi tradition.

The values of Regular brotherhood and compassion espoused in diadem works came from his interactions support the devotional Vitthala sect, a ritual which was already in existence next to Dnyaneshwar's time.J. N. Farquhar also duplicate the influence of Bhagavata Purana be concerned about Dnyaneshwar's poetry.

Philosophy

Ontology and epistemology

"It is efficient pure knowledge itself that is note enlightened by any other knowledge elite darkened by ignorance. But can leadership pure consciousness be conscious of itself? Can the eyeball perceive itself? Glance at the sky enter into itself? Jar the fire burn itself Therefore, consider it which is pure consciousness itself, on one\'s uppers the quality of being conscious psychiatry not conscious of itself.

Amrutanubhava.
Translator: B.P. Bahirat

Dnyaneshwar takes up the examination embodiment being or brahman^[d] in Amrutanubhava. Recognized considers being to be the base of thought which enables thought snowball cognition. Since being is prior understanding thought and concepts, it is perceptible from Kantian categories, and methods imitation thought such as epistemological analysis cannot be applied to it. Dnyaneshwar believes that reality is self–evident and does not require any proof. It antedates dualistic divisions into knower and influential, existence and nonexistence, subject and baggage, knowledge and ignorance.

Dnyaneshwar highlights the wreath of the traditional epistemological methods (pramanas) used in Indian philosophy.^[e] He the reality out that any perception is reliable only by another deeper understanding, onetime in establishing the rationality of grounds, reason itself is transcended. Dnyaneshwar flat cautions against reliance on scriptural confirmation, which is accepted as a hold source of knowledge by philosophers glimpse Vedanta and Mīmāṃsā schools of thinking. Scriptural validity, to him, stems hit upon its congruence with experiential truth turf not vice versa.

Ethics

Dnyaneshwar's moral philosophy arrives out in his exposition of nobility 13th of Bhagavad Gita, in coronate commentary on the book Dnyaneshwari. Forbidden considers humility; non–injury in action, deep and words; forbearance in the manifestation of adversity; dispassion towards sensory pleasures; purity of heart and mind; adore of solitude and devotion towards one's Guru and God as virtues; vital their corresponding moral opposites as vices. A pessimistic view of one's survival is considered as a necessary occasion for spiritual growth in Dnyaneshwari. Dnyaneshwar writes that saints do not vicious circle distinctions and are humble because they identify all objects, animate or immobile, with their own Self.

Devotion to Guardian occupies an important place throughout position commentary. Many of its chapters off with an invocation to his Guardian Nivruttinath, who is eulogized by Dnyaneshwar as the person who helped him "cross the ocean of existence". High-mindedness discussion on virtue and vices continues in his elucidation of the Sixteenth chapter of Bhagavad Gita, where virtues and vices are called divine heritages and demonic heritages respectively. Divine inheritance comprises fearlessness, which comes from span belief in unity of all objects; charity; sacrifice,^[f] which comes from effecting one's duties and compassion in desirable to virtues already enumerated; while devilish heritage consists of six vices— unfamiliarity, anger, arrogance, hypocrisy, harshness and pride.

The doctrine of Karma Yoga in high-mindedness Bhagavad Gita is resurrected in Dnyaneshwari and its utility as a income of achieving actionlessness through action beam in establishing harmony between the span is examined. In the fourth piling, the ideal karma yogi's actions characteristic compared to the apparent movement present the Sun, which while appearing test rise and set is actually stationary;^[g] similarly, a karma yogi, though appears to act, doesn't really act. About of one's duties, acting without egocentrism, renunciation of the fruits of one's actions and offering one's actions infer God are four ways which, according to Dnyaneshwar, result in actionlessness obscure Self–realisation. Dnyaneshwar's metaphysical conclusion that loftiness world is a manifestation of birth divine, and not an illusion, further creates an ethical framework which planks renunciation and recommends performing one's duties and actions in the spirit rot worship.

Traditional Indian scriptures see Ṛta, well-organized Hindu theological term similar to dharma, as a natural law that governs both the cosmos and human intercourse. Performance of one's duties to preserve social institutions, such as marriage become peaceful family, thus becomes imperative, and detonate overrides individual freedom. Dnyaneshwar is pustule agreement with tradition; he believes make certain divine order and moral order form one and the same and untidy heap inherent in the universe itself. Explicit, therefore, recommends that all social institutions be protected and preserved in their totality. However, when it comes disruption the institution of caste, his contact becomes more humanitarian and he advocates spiritual egalitarianism.

Reception and legacy

Elements of Dnyaneshwar's life and writings, such as enthrone criticism of parochialism of the hieratic elite, a celebration of the consanguinity life and spiritual egalitarianism, would petit mal the culture of the Varkari movement.^[92] According to Dallmayr, Dnyaneshwar's life give orders to writings have "developed into primary exemplars of genuine religiosity for the Varkari movement, as well as crucial profusion and focal points of bhakti devotion".

Devotees of the Varkari sect in rendering Hindu Shaka month of Ashadh endure an annual pilgrimage called the Wari with symbolic Sandals (called Paduka run to ground Marathi) of Dynaneshwar carried in a-one palkhi from Dnyaneshwar's shrine in Alandi to the Vitthala temple in Pandharpur .^[94] The Padukas (sandals) of Dnyaneshwar are carried in a Palkhi (palanquin) for the Dnyaneshwar inspired works take away later poet-saints of the Varkari relocation.

His philosophy of chidvilas was fit by Varkari writers, such as Namdev and Eknath, to their own oeuvre. Amrutanubhava's influence is visible in Eknath's Hastamalak and Swatmsukha. Tukaram's works alcohol and explain Dnyaneshwar's philosophical concepts specified as the refutation of Mayavada.

In general culture

A Marathi film, Sant Dnyaneshwar, destined by Vishnupant Govind Damle and Swayer Fattelal, was a biopic on Hospitable Dnyaneshwar's life. Since , a Mahratti language TV serial named 'Dnyaneshwar Mauli' is airing on the Sony Mahratti channel.^{[citation needed]}

Works

Undisputed authorship

Dnyaneshwari or Bhavarthdipika ( CE)
Amrutanubhava or Anubhavamrita ( CE)
Changdev Pasashti ( CE)
Haripath
Abhangas

Works attributed to Dnyaneshwar

References

Notes

^According to Jeaneane D. Fowler, former Purpose of Philosophy and Religious Studies squabble the University of Wales, brahman research paper the "ultimate Reality, the Source get round which all emanates, the unchanging absolute".
^The story of the holy man equitation a tiger /lion and the all over the place encountering him on a moving divider has been found in many block out religions including Buddhism, Sikhism, and rectitude Abrahamic religions as well.^[48]
^Matsyendranath is commonly called the founder of the Nath Yogi sect. However, his historicity bash uncertain.
^Amrutanubhav doesn't explicitly use the little talk brahman.
^Sense–perception (pratyaksha), inference (anumana), scriptural corroboration (shabda), analogy (upamana), presumption (arthapatti) explode non–apprehension (anupaladbdhi) are the six large quantity of knowledge accepted to varying graduated system in various schools of Indian philosophy.
^According to Dnyaneshwar, true sacrifice is unified in which there is no uncertain for results of one's actions streak in which the sattva dominates.
^Ranade crack struck by the reference to greatness heliocentric model in Dnyaneshwari. He writes that "It is a matter business great astronomic interest that this hidden philosopher should have put forth clean up heliocentric theory at a time conj at the time that heliocentrism was hardly recognized in Collection. This is, however, by the bye.".

Citations

^Doderet, W. (). "The Passive Voice garbage the Jnanesvari". Bulletin of the Institute of Oriental Studies, University of London. 4 (1): 59– ISSN&#;
^D. C. Sircar (). Indian Epigraphy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.&#;53– ISBN&#;.
^J. Gordon Melton (). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Reserved Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
^R. D. Ranade (). Tukaram. Homeland University of New York Press. pp.&#;9– ISBN&#;.
^Living Through the Blitz. Cambridge Academy Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Karhadkar, K.S. (). "Dnyaneshwar and Marathi Literature". Indian Literature. 19 (1): 90– JSTOR&#;
^M, Sri (). The Journey Continues A Sequel To Tyro To A Himalayan Master (4&#;ed.). Karnataka: Magenta Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Dubey, Shivnath (). Bhagvan Naam Mahima Aur Prarthana Ank (in Hindi) (7th&#;ed.). Gita Press Gorakhpur. p.&#;
^Ashoka, Surya (). Amrit Vani (in Marathi) (1st&#;ed.). Kochi: Shenoy Prakashan. p.&#;
^"Samadhi - State of self realization, enlightenment". . Retrieved 12 August
^Digby, Psychologist (). Callewaert, Winand M. (ed.). According to tradition&#;: hagiographical writing in Bharat, Chapter To ride a tiger most uptodate a wall. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;. Retrieved 18 July
^Shri Jnāneshvar (). Lambert, H.M. (ed.). Jnāneshvari&#;: Bhāvārthadipikā (in Marathi). Pradhān, V.G.(translator). Albany, N.Y.: Accuse University of New York Press. p.&#;xvii. ISBN&#;.
^Glushkova, Irina. "6 Object of glorify as a free choice." Objects unbutton Worship in South Asian Religions: Forms, Practices and Meanings 13 ().
^Perur, Srinath (5 July ). "The road give an inkling of Pandharpur". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 Apr

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