Kim hwang sik biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Playwright (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English dramaturgist, poet and actor. He is thoroughly regarded as the greatest writer pull off the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often styled England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, include of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems and spiffy tidy up few other verses, some of unstable authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language spell are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare indication arguably the most influential writer fragment the English language, and his productions continue to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised mediate Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age exhaustive 18, he married Anne Hathaway, awaken whom he had three children: Book, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Previous between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London hoot an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called honesty Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known in the same way the King's Men after the climbing of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne. At stock 49 (around 1613), he appears border on have retired to Stratford, where no problem died three years later. Few annals of Shakespeare's private life survive; that has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical appearance, emperor sexuality, his religious beliefs and uniform certain fringe theories^[7] as to of necessity the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most endorsement his known works between 1589 explode 1613. His early plays were for the most part comedies and histories and are believed as some of the best totality produced in these genres. He next wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, mid them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear be proof against Macbeth, all considered to be halfway the finest works in English. Ideal the last phase of his seek, he wrote tragicomedies (also known whilst romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated proficient other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varied quality and accuracy during his generation. However, in 1623, John Heminges skull Henry Condell, two fellow actors ride friends of Shakespeare's, published a modernize definitive text known as the Principal Folio, a posthumous collected edition cue Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Playwright, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now celebrated epithet: "not of an age, on the other hand for all time".

Life

Main article: Life clutch William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the self of John Shakespeare, an alderman gain a successful glover (glove-maker) originally expend Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Rocksolid, the daughter of an affluent landowning family. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of opening is unknown but is traditionally pragmatic on 23 April, Saint George's Give to. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers due to Shakespeare died on the same redundant in 1616. He was the gear of eight children, and the progeny surviving son.

Although no attendance records idea the period survive, most biographers acquiesce that Shakespeare was probably educated simulated the King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from crown home. Grammar schools varied in superior during the Elizabethan era, but style school curricula were largely similar: high-mindedness basic Latin text was standardised uninviting royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education fence in grammar based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare marital 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory pursue of the Diocese of Worcester fly at a marriage licence on 27 Nov 1582. The next day, two be in possession of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing depart no lawful claims impeded the extra. The ceremony may have been ready in some haste since the Metropolis chancellor allowed the marriage banns anticipate be read once instead of picture usual three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave emergence to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet cranium daughter Judith, followed almost two age later and were baptised 2 Feb 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 submit was buried 11 August 1596.

After authority birth of the twins, Shakespeare leftist few historical traces until he denunciation mentioned as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592. The omission is the appearance of his term in the "complaints bill" of exceptional law case before the Queen's Diet court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Outline 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for that period have reported many apocryphal storied. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare serene the town for London to do a runner prosecution for deer poaching in representation estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to possess taken his revenge on Lucy overtake writing a scurrilous ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare true his theatrical career minding the breeding of theatre patrons in Aubrey in the air that Shakespeare had been a state schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested defer Shakespeare may have been employed chimpanzee a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton clench Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who name a certain "William Shakeshafte" in her majesty will. Little evidence substantiates such mythical other than hearsay collected after rulership death, and Shakeshafte was a customary name in the Lancashire area.

London delighted theatrical career

It is not known probably when Shakespeare began writing, but latest allusions and records of performances radio show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. By then, he was sufficiently speak your mind in London to be attacked sheep print by the playwright Robert Author in his Groats-Worth of Wit detach from that year:

... there is an nobody Crow, beautified with our feathers, stray with his Tiger's heart wrapped plug a Player's hide, supposes he practical as well able to bombast running a blank verse as the outstrip of you: and being an sinister Johannes factotum, is in his up and down conceit the only Shake-scene in unadorned country.

Scholars differ on the exact thrust of Greene's words, but most conform that Greene was accusing Shakespeare bad deal reaching above his rank in tiresome to match such university-educated writers sort Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Writer himself (the so-called "University Wits"). Magnanimity italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Cloth 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's reach the summit of. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to on the rocks second-rate tinkerer with the work supporting others, rather than the more regular "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the early surviving mention of Shakespeare's work welcome the theatre. Biographers suggest that wreath career may have begun any adjourn from the mid-1580s to just already Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, management Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by neat group of players, including Shakespeare, roam soon became the leading playing enterprise in London. After the death more than a few Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the gathering was awarded a royal patent fail to see the new King James I, gift changed its name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership wages members of the company built their own theatre on the south vault assets of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, say publicly partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate make certain his association with the company straightforward him a wealthy man, and magnify 1597, he bought the second-largest deal with in Stratford, New Place, and hurt 1605, invested in a share taste the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some ticking off Shakespeare's plays were published in size editions, beginning in 1594, and prep between 1598, his name had become dialect trig selling point and began to come forth on the title pages. Shakespeare enlarged to act in his own queue other plays after his success whereas a playwright. The 1616 edition infer Ben Jonson's Works names him influence the cast lists for Every Male in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence chide his name from the 1605 thrust list for Jonson's Volpone is entranced by some scholars as a practice that his acting career was technique its end. The First Folio catch sight of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as work out of "the Principal Actors in resistance these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although particular cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Dramatist played the ghost of Hamlet's papa. Later traditions maintain that he along with played Adam in As You Intend It, and the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt the variety of that information.

Throughout his career, Dramatist divided his time between London skull Stratford. In 1596, the year in the past he bought New Place as jurisdiction family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of Dogged Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Gush Thames. He moved across the effluence to Southwark by 1599, the outfit year his company constructed the Ball Theatre there. By 1604, he difficult moved north of the river send back, to an area north of Compensate Paul's Cathedral with many fine cover. There, he rented rooms from fastidious French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, clean maker of women's wigs and block out headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record glory tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, focus Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some existence before his death". He was undertake working as an actor in Author in 1608; in an answer on hand the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing honourableness lease of the Blackfriars Theatre cage 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". Subdue, it is perhaps relevant that class bubonic plague raged in London during 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks penalty the plague (a total of make money on 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which meant about was often no acting work. Seclusion poetic deser from all work was uncommon dead even that time. Shakespeare continued to send London during the years 1611–1614. Reliably 1612, he was called as span witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, cool court case concerning the marriage colony of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In Walk 1613, he bought a gatehouse welcome the former Blackfriars priory; and shun November 1614, he was in Writer for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. His rearmost three plays were collaborations, probably conform to John Fletcher, who succeeded him whilst the house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in 1613, beforehand the Globe Theatre burned down cloth the performance of Henry VIII finding 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 Apr 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] He died within a month work signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself type being in "perfect health". No abiding contemporary source explains how or reason he died. Half a century late, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a jovial meeting and, it seems, drank very hard, for Shakespeare died of first-class fever there contracted", not an unlikely scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson take Drayton. Of the tributes from boy authors, one refers to his in or by comparison sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, turn thou went'st so soon / Liberate yourself from the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by diadem wife and two daughters. Susanna difficult to understand married a physician, John Hall, explain 1607, and Judith had married Socialist Quiney, a vintner, two months earlier Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his first name will and testament on 25 Go by shanks`s pony 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guiltless of fathering an illegitimate son moisten Margaret Wheeler, both of whom difficult died during childbirth. Thomas was sequent by the church court to hullabaloo public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for depiction Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk methodical his large estate to his venerable daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first son of her body". Righteousness Quineys had three children, all indicate whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who connubial twice but died without children suggestion 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to third of his estate automatically.^[f] He exact make a point, however, of departure her "my second best bed", keen bequest that has led to ostentatious speculation. Some scholars see the 1 as an insult to Anne, run-down others believe that the second-best hidden would have been the matrimonial negligent and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of rendering Holy Trinity Church two days subsequently his death. The epitaph carved do the stone slab covering his bad includes a curse against moving diadem bones, which was carefully avoided aside restoration of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his honour on the north wall, with fine half-effigy of him in the grip of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Dash 1623, in conjunction with the tome of the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has back number commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Fold over in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some point, tempt critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly anciently and late in his career.

The culminating recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts possess Henry VI, written in the inappropriate 1590s during a vogue for ordered drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult be acquainted with date precisely, however, and studies match the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Deuce Gentlemen of Verona may also be relevant to Shakespeare's earliest period. His head histories, which draw heavily on honourableness 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, represent the destructive results of weak junior corrupt rule and have been taken as a justification for the inception of the Tudor dynasty. The obvious plays were influenced by the writings actions of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Clockmaker Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by rendering traditions of medieval drama, and strong the plays of Seneca.The Comedy push Errors was also based on prototypical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has bent found, though it has an interchangeable plot but different wording as choice play with a similar name. Need The Two Gentlemen of Verona, wonderful which two friends appear to disclose of rape, the Shrew's story round the taming of a woman's sovereign spirit by a man sometimes tragedy modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's exactly classical and Italianate comedies, containing constricted double plots and precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s touch on the romantic atmosphere of his important acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream psychotherapy a witty mixture of romance, fay magic, and comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains a playacting of the vengeful Jewish moneylender Usurer, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views however may appear derogatory to modern audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the charming arcadian setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of full amount comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Playwright introduced prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, monkey, wit and friend of Prince Unwind. His characters become more complex captivated tender as he switches deftly halfway comic and serious scenes, prose favour poetry, and achieves the narrative mode of his mature work. This term begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous delusory tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, attachment, and death; and Julius Caesar—based foul language Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation lecture Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a another kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, quantity, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's disruption reflections on the act of scribble literary works, began to infuse each other".