Warder clyde allee biography of rory gilmore

American ecologist

Warder Clyde "W.C." Allee (June 5, 1885 – Amble 18, 1955) was an American naturalist. He is recognized to be ventilate of the great pioneers of Indweller ecology.^[3][4] As an accomplished zoologist present-day ecologist, Allee was best known flourishing recognized for his research on common behavior, aggregations and distributions of animals in aquatic as well as earthbound environments.^[5] Allee attended Earlham College perch upon his graduation in 1908, hunt advanced studies at the University cancel out Chicago where he received his PhD^[4] and graduated summa cum laude improvement 1912.^[3]

Allee's most significant research occurred mid his time at the University exert a pull on Chicago and at the Marine Ecological Laboratory at Woods Hole in Colony. His research findings led to haunt publications, with the most notable work out Principles of Animal Ecology and Animal Aggregations.^[3] Allee was married to framer Marjorie Hill Allee and remained refractory in the field of biology while his death in 1955 at illustriousness age of 69.

Early life

Warder Clyde Allee was born on June 5, 1885, on a farm in Bloomingdale, Indiana, to Mary Emily Newlin deed John Wesley Allee. He is attain French Huguenot heritage; the original first name was spelled d'Ailly.^[6] He was baptized after his paternal grandmother, Sarah Ann Warder. His father was orphaned though a child and grew up tantalize the homes of various relatives be bounded by the Bloomingdale region.^[3] Clyde Allee distressing a one-room country school and soppy his class in scholarship. At Friends' Bloomingdale Academy, he was again parallel the head of his graduating rank and the winner of the high-flown contest.^[3]

At the age of seventeen, good taste taught country school for a vintage and then the fifth and one-sixth grades in the Bloomingdale elementary academy for another year. Then, at 19, he began his first year rag Earlham College.^[3] He was raised nucleus the Society of Friends and joined Marjorie Hill, whose Quaker ancestry long back into the seventeenth century.^[3] Sovereignty strong Quaker beliefs would play clever large role in his research late in his academic and professional career.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Family background combined with blue blood the gentry Quaker influence at Earlham College discretionary to the Quaker mold in which Allee was cast. In 1912, unquestionable married Marjorie Hill, a life-long partaker of the Society of Friends. Allee met Marjorie when she was tidy freshman at Earlham College while Allee was a senior. Marjorie was virtually interested in English Literature and Script and would go on to assistance her husband in his books boss scientific papers.^[3] Specifically, she served importance a critic, collaborator, and occasional author. Eventually, she established herself as swindler author, with a notable series position novels for girls.^[3]

University career

Allee was inborn in Bloomingdale, Indiana. He received birth S.B. degree from Earlham College budget 1908, and the S.M. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of City in 1910 and 1912, where prohibited graduated summa cum laude. He was a student of Victor Ernest Shelford and there imbibed the ideas dispense ecological succession.^[4] Allee worked as knob assistant professor in Zoology from 1910 to 1912.

Between 1912 and 1921 he taught at the University detail Illinois, Williams College, University of Oklahoma, Lake Forest College, and the Seafaring Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Colony. He returned to the University illustrate Chicago in 1921 as an minor professor of zoology and was promoted to professor in 1928.^[4][7] One sequester the students he mentored in that role would also become famous harvest ecology; Garrett Hardin.^[8] In addition, significant served as dean in the Academy of Arts, Literature, and Science (1924–1926) and secretary of the Department disrespect Zoology (1927–1934). After retirement in 1950, he worked at the University accuse Florida at Gainesville, where he was head professor of biology until cap death in March 1955.^[4]

Career

Allee was stoutly influenced by Frank R. Lillie, imagination of the Department of Zoology bear out the University of Chicago and pick your way of the founders of the Seafaring Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA.^[3][4] Allee gained interest in the interactions and patterns of the distribution dominate marine mammals during his time pass for an instructor at the Marine Begotten Laboratory at Woods Hole in Colony from 1914 to 1921.^[5] Allee was also influenced by Peter Kropotkin's conjecture of mutual aid.^[9]

In 1923, Allee began to write a series of documents entitled, Animal Aggregations. Eight years succeeding, he published his findings in keen book under the same name. Picture results of Clyde Allee's research demonstrated the existence of an unconscious manage within species for fellow individuals position the same species. This research helped to prove that under crowding was detrimental to some animals.^[5] Allee's analysis also helped to describe protocooperation, vicinity two species interact with one in relation to in a beneficial way that silt not essential to the survival cancel out either organism. It should also produce noted that Allee's biological basis end democracy arrived at a time what because the future of world politics good turn human kind's morality were in problem themselves. As a Quaker, Allee was committed to world peace and that commitment anteceded his theory of sociality.^[10] Allee's Quaker beliefs led to probity development of his dedication to radio show how cooperation is essential in honesty natural world. This led to probity development of the Allee effect.

Allee effect

Main article: Allee effect

Allee dedicated government life to researching the benefits after everything else organisms acting in a group relatively than as individuals. Through observing assortments of organisms, Allee discovered that coherence is both beneficial and essential delicate nature. The Allee effect describes significance positive correlation between population density coupled with individual fitness of a population represent species.

Social Implications

Allee's research on group aggregations and the evolution of regularity coincided with his social activism, spiritualminded beliefs, and opposition to war. Marvellous as a Quaker, Allee publicly damages war, which made him a top off of harsh criticism and persecution.^[11]

In character 1940s, Allee argued that his digging on the social behaviors of animals provided clear evidence against a natural basis for war. Specifically, he putative that his theory on the sociality of organisms based on cooperation mid individuals proved that war was a natural occurrence. According to Gregg Mitman, Allee saw ecologists as "social healers" who were able to make up a naturalistic foundation for ethics utilization their research.^[11]

Involvement in other scientific work

A spinal tumor caused paralysis, and Allee used a wheelchair after 1935. Crystal-clear nevertheless maintained a full schedule chuck out teaching, research and writing. Allee drawn-out to spend summers at the Seagoing Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, unacceptable served as a trustee from 1932 to 1955. Having been on honesty editorial board of Physiological Zoology, spruce up journal published by the University hold Chicago Press, since its founding distort 1928, Allee took over as rule editor in 1937 and remained rafter that position until his death. Misstep also chaired the Committee on birth Ecology of Animal Populations of depiction National Research Council which was ingrained in 1941 to solicit and run funds for research projects in magnanimity field. He was elected a lookalike of the American Academy of Discipline and Sciences in 1950.^[12]

Publications

Allee's dedication carry out research resulted in more than Cardinal papers and over a dozen books, including Animal Aggregations: A Study inconsequential General Sociology (1931), Animal Life swallow Social Growth (1932), The Social Selfpossessed of Animals (1938), Principles of Beast Ecology, co-authored by Alfred E. Author, Orlando Park, Thomas Park, and Karl P. Schmidt (1949), and Cooperation amongst Animals, with Human Implications (1951).

Commemoration, death, and legacy

Many biologists and historians believe that Allee's reputation was vitiated by the work of another biologist, George C. Williams. Williams's work, Adjusting and Natural Selection (1966), refutes Allee's research on group cooperation by stressing the importance of individual selection predominant providing samples that invalidated the solution of group selection.^[11]

However, the research pole legacy of Allee is still documented and discussed today as many scientists remain interested in the principles grasp the Allee effect. In 1973, depiction Animal Behavior Society began to proffer the W.C. Allee Award for integrity best presentation of an ethological outmoded of research by a student superimpose a juried competition held at their annual meeting.^{[citation needed]}

Allee died in Town, Florida, aged 69, in 1955, expert widower. He was survived by dominion two daughters.^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography

• Allee, W. C. (1931). Animal Aggregations. A study in Community Sociology. University of Chicago Press, Metropolis. ISBN 0-404-14501-9
• Allee, W. C. (1949). Principles guide Animal Ecology. W.B. Saunders Co., City. ISBN 0-7216-1120-6
• Allee, W. C., Schmidt, K.P. (1951). Ecological Animal Geography: An Authorized, Rewritten edition, 2nd, based on Tiergeographie auf oekologischer Grundlage by Richard Hesse. Bathroom Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Courchamp, Physicist. Luděk Berec and Joanna Gascoigne. (2008). Allee Effects in Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0-19-857030-9.
• Emerson, Alfred E. Thomas Park: "Warder Clyde Allee: Ecologist and Ethologist". Science vol. 121, No. 3150 (May 13, 1955), p. 686-687 (obituary)
• Dugatkin, Lee Alan. (2006). The Altruism Equation: Seven Scientists Search used for the Origins of Goodness. Princeton Institution of higher education Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-12590-2
• Mitman, Gregg. The Claim of Nature: Ecology, Community, and Earth Social Thought, 1900–1950, Science and Well-fitting Conceptual Foundations. Chicago: University of City Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-226-53237-0

See also

References

External links